บทที่ 1 แนะนำการเขียนโปรแกรมเชิงวัตถุ
โอโอพี (OOP) หรือออบเจ็กต์โอเรียนเท็ดโปรแกรมมิ่ง (Object Oriented Programming) เป็นแนวคิดในการเขียนโปรแกรมแบบหนึ่ง ที่ผู้รู้หลายๆ ท่านได้สรุปหรือได้ให้คำนิยามไว้ว่า เป็นการเขียนโปรแกรมเชิงวัตถุ บางท่านก็สรุปว่าเป็นการเขียนโปรแกรมแบบอ้างอิงวัตถุ ซึ่งก็เป็นการให้ความหมายที่ตรงมากเลยทีเดียว
OOP เป็นวิธีการเขียนโปรแกรม โดยอาศัยแนวคิดของวัตถุชิ้นหนึ่ง มีความสามารถในการปกป้องข้อมูล และการสืบทอดคุณสมบัติ ซึ่งทำให้แนวโน้มของ OOP ได้รับการยอมรับและพัฒนามาใช้ในระบบต่างๆ มากมาย เช่น ระบบปฏิบัติการ วินโดวส์ เป็นต้น
ในบทนี้จะศึกษาถึงความเป็นมา และความหมายของแนวคิดการเขียนโปรแกรมเชิงวัตถุ ข้อควรรู้เกี่ยวกับหลักการเขียนโปรแกรมเชิงวัตถุ ตลอดจนความสำคัญของการเขียนและออกแบบระบบงานก่อนเขียนโปรแกรม รวมถึงประโยชน์ของการเขียนโปรแกรมเชิงวัตถุซึ่งจะทำให้ผู้เรียนได้เข้าใจถึงหลักการเบื้องต้นของแนวความคิดเชิงวัตถุนี้ได้
ความเป็นมาของแนวคิดแบบ OOP
แนวความคิดดั้งเดิมของการเขียนโปรแกรม ก็คือ การแก้ปัญหาโดยใช้คอมพิวเตอร์เป็นเครื่องมือ แนวคิดนี้คล้ายกับการใช้เครื่องคิดเลขในการแก้ปัญหาทางคณิตศาสตร์ ดังนั้น การพัฒนาตัวล่ามแปลภาษาไม่ว่าจะเป็นภาษาเครื่อง ภาษาแอสเซมบลี ภาษาซี และภาษาอื่นๆ ก็มีแนวการเขียนโปรแกรมแบบเดียวกัน เพียงแต่เปลี่ยนรูปแบบและกฎเกณฑ์ของภาษาเท่านั้น ด้วยเหตุนี้เอง เมื่อมีการเสนอแนวคิดใหม่ในการเขียนโปรแกรมทีเรียกว่า การเขียนโปรแกรมเชิงวัตถุ นักเขียนโปรแกรมรุ่นเก่าๆ ก็ทำความเข้าใจได้ยาก
แนวความคิดแบบใหม่ที่ใช้ในการเขียนโปรแกรม ก็คือ การเน้นถึงปัญหาและองค์ประกอบของปัญหา (เพื่อแก้ปัญหา) การเน้นที่ปัญหาและองค์ประกอบของการแก้ปัญหา (Problem Space) จะคล้ายกับการแก้ไขปัญหาและชีวิตความเป็นอยู่ของมนุษย์ที่จะต้องมี คน สัตว์ สิ่งของ เพื่อแก้ปัญหา (มีหน้าที่แก้ปัญหา) มากกว่าจะมองที่วิธีการแก้ปัญหานั้นๆ หรือขั้นตอนในการแก้ปัญหา (Solution Space) ซึ่งเป็นวิธีการเขียนโปรแกรมแบบเก่านั่นเอง
อาลัน เคย์ (Alan Kay) เป็นผู้บุกเบิกแนวความคิดการเขียนโปรแกรมเชิงวัตถุคนหนึ่ง และเป็นผู้ที่มีส่วนในการพัฒนาตัวแปลภาษา Small Talk ที่เป็นต้นแบบของการเขียนโปรแกรมเชิงวัตถุได้เสนอกฎ 5 ข้อ ที่เป็นแนวทางของภาษาคอมพิวเตอร์เชิงวัตถุ หรือที่เรียกว่า Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) ไว้ดังนี้
1.ทุกๆ สิ่งเป็นวัตถุ (Everything is an Object)
2.โปรแกรม ก็คือ กลุ่มของวัตถุที่ส่งข่าวสารบอกกันและกันให้ทำงาน (A Program is a Bunch of Object Telling Each Other What to do by Sending Messages)
3.ในวัตถุแต่ละวัตถุจะต้องมีหน่วยความจำและประกอบไปด้วยวัตถุอื่นๆ (Each Object has Its Own Memory Made Up of Other Objects)
4.วัตถุทุกชนิดจะต้องจัดอยู่ในประเภทใดประเภทหนึ่ง (Every Object has a Type)
5.วัตถุที่จัดอยู่ในประเภทเดียวกันย่อมได้รับข่าวสารเหมือนกัน (All Objects of a Particular Type Can Receive the Same Messages)
แนวคิดแบบ OOP
ถ้าเราไม่มองในแง่มุมของการเขียนโปรแกรมเพียงอย่างเดียว ให้มองไปในภาพรวม มองไปในสิ่งรอบๆ ตัว เราสามารถบอกได้ว่าแนวคิดของ OOP ก็คือ “ธรรมชาติของวัตถุ” หมายความว่า OOP จะมองสิ่งแต่ละสิ่งถือเป็น “วัตถุชิ้นหนึ่ง” (Object) มันจะมีสีแดงหรือสีเขียวยาวหรือสั้น มันก็คือวัตถุชิ้นหนึ่งหมือนกัน และเราสามารถกำหนดประเภทหรือคลาสให้กับวัตถุเหล่านั้นได้ เช่น วัตถุสีแดงก็มารวมอยู่ในกลุ่มเดียวกัน หรือวัตถุที่มีขนาดยาวก็มารวมอยู่ในกลุ่มเดียวกัน เป็นต้น
นอกจากนี้ เมื่อ OOP มองทุกสิ่งถือเป็นวัตถุชิ้นหนึ่งแล้ว ยังสามารถคิดต่อไปอีกว่า
“วัตถุแต่ละอย่งนั้น ต่างก็มีลักษณะและวิธีการใช้งานเป็นของตัวเอง”
ประโยคนี้มีความหมายว่า วัตถุแต่ละชนิดหรือแต่ละชิ้นต่างก็มีรูปร่าง ลักษณะ และการใช้งาน (การกระทำ) ที่แตกต่างกันออกไป เราจะเรียนคุณลักษณะของวัตถุว่า แอตทริบิวต์ (Attribute) และจะเรียกวิธีการใช้งานวัตถุว่า เมธทอด (Method) ยกตัวอย่างเช่น
“ดินสอเป็นวัตถุที่มีลักษณะยาวเรียว ภายในเป็นไส้ถ่านใช้สำหรับเขียน การใช้ดินสอทำได้โดยใช้มือจับและเขียนลงบนวัสดุรองรับ”
จากประโยคในข้างต้นเราสามารถจับใจความได้ว่า คุณลักษณะของวัตถุ (Attribute) ก็คือ “ยาวเรียว ภายในเป็นไส้ถ่าน” ส่วนการใช้งาน (Method) ก็คือ “ใช้มือจับและเขียนลงบนวัสดุรองรับ”
Object-> วัตถุ-> ดินสอ
จากการยกตัวอย่างข้างต้นสามารถสรุปได้แล้วว่า ถ้าเกิดวัตถุใดมีลักษณะยาวเรียว มีไส้ เป็นถ่าน เมื่อจะใช้งานจะต้องใช้มือจับและเขียนลงบนวัสดุรองรับ เราสามารถบอกได้เลยว่าสิ่งนั้นก็คือ “ดินสอ” นั่นเอง
จะเห็นได้ว่าแนวคิดของ OOP นั้นจะมีลักษณะที่คล้ายกับธรรมชาติของสิ่งหนึ่งซึ่งสามารถแบ่งแยกสิ่งต่างๆ ออกเป็นแต่ละประเภทได้ ถ้านำเอาแนวคิดของ OOP มาใช้ในการเขียนโปรแกรมและการจัดการข้อมูล จะพบว่าโปรแกรมหรือฟังก์ชันจะมีความเป็นอิสระแก่กันอย่างเห็นได้ชัด อธิบายง่ายๆ ก็คือ โปรแกรมหรือฟังก์ชันแต่ละตัวถึงแม้จะมาจากที่เดียวกันแต่สามารถทำงานในคนละหน้าที่ เก็บข้อมูลคนละค่าได้ โดยจะไม่ยุ่งเกี่ยวกันแต่อย่างใด
ข้อควรรู้เกี่ยวกับ OOP
เนื่องจากหลักการเขียนโปรแกรมเชิงวัตถุเป็นแนวคิดแบบใหม่ ดังนั้น การทำงานหลายๆ ส่วนของการเขียนโปรแกรมแบบนี้อาจจะยังไม่เป็นที่คุ้นเคยมากนัก จึงจำเป็นที่ผู้ศึกษาต้องทำความเข้าใจการทำงานของแนวคิดนี้ให้ดียิ่งขึ้น ในที่นี้จะขออธิบายพอสังเขป ส่วนรายละเอียดที่เจาะลึกและตัวอย่าง ผู้เรียนจะได้ศึกษาในบทต่อๆไป ข้อควรรู้เบื้องต้นเกี่ยวกับ OOP มีดังนี้
การเชื่อมต่อ (Interface)
อินเตอร์เฟส (Interface) หมายถึง การเชื่อมต่อ ถ้าเป็นการเชื่อมต่อระหว่างผู้ใช้กับคอมพิวเตอร์ จะเรียกการเชื่อมต่อนั้นว่า ยูสเซอร์อินเตอร์เฟส (User Interface) ซึ่งโดยปกติจะหมายถึง ส่วนของหน้าจอที่ผู้ใช้ส่ง (ติดต่อ) ให้คอมพิวเตอร์ทำงาน แต่ในการเขียนโปรแกรมเชิงวัตถุ การเชื่อมต่อยังรวมไปถึงวัตถุ (Object) เพราะในวัตถุจะต้องมีอินเตอร์เฟส อันเป็นส่วนที่วัตถุนั้นๆ จะให้บริการหรือเป็นส่วนที่บอกว่าวัตถุนั้นๆ สามารถทำอะไรได้บ้าง ซึ่งบางครั้งเรียกว่า เมธทอด (Method)
ข้อดีของการมีอินเตอร์เฟส ก็คือ การเปลี่ยนแปลงที่เกิดขึ้นภายในวัตถุจะไม่กระทบต่ออินเตอร์เฟส ดังนั้น ภายในวัตถุผู้เขียนคำสั่งสามารถดัดแปลง แก้ไข หรือเพิ่มเติมได้ตลอดเวลา นอกจากนี้ ภายในวัตถุยังสามารถเก็บค่าต่างๆ ได้อีกด้วย แนวความคิดนี้เองที่เป็นจุดเด่นของการเขียนโปรแกรมเชิงวัตถุ เนื่องจากผู้ใช้สามารถเรียกใช้วัตถุต่างๆ โดยไม่จำเป็นต้องทราบกลไกการทำงานภายใน เมื่อใช้ก็เพียงแต่เรียกส่วนของอินเตอร์เฟส (หรือที่เรียกว่า Method) นี้โดยการส่งข่าวสาร (Message) ไปยังวัตถุที่ต้องการ ยกตัวอย่างเช่น การทำงานระหว่างโทรทัศน์กับรีโมท ซึ่งการใช้งานของโทรทัศน์มีดังต่อไปนี้ คือ เปิด ปิด เปลี่ยนช่อง เมื่อผู้ใช้ต้องการเปิดสัญญาณ โดยกดปุ่มสัญลักษณ์เปิดส่งไปยังตัวรับที่โทรทัศน์ หลังจากนั้นโทรทัศน์ก็จะทำงานในกลไกของการเปิด ซึ่งเราไม่ต้องรับรู้ถึงวงจรที่อยู่ภายในเลย โดย เปิด ปิด และเปลี่ยนช่อง ก็คือ Method ของโทรทัศน์ เป็นต้น
การซ่อนรายละเอียด (Encapsulation)
ส่วนประกอบของวัตถุตามแนวความคิดการเขียนโปรแกรมเชิงวัตถุ จะต้องประกอบด้วยสองส่วนเป็นอย่างน้อย คือ ส่วนของคุณสมบัติใช้เก็บข้อมูลรายละเอียด สถานะ โดยใช้ตัวแปรเก็บค่าต่างๆ ไว้ และส่วนของเมธทอดที่เป็นตัวเชื่อมการทำงานของวัตถุนั้นๆ โดยผู้ใช้จะไม่สามารถติดต่อใช้งานตัวแปรที่อยู่ข้างในได้ ในภาษา C++ จะใช้คำ Public,Private และ Protected เข้ามาช่วยกำหนดขอบเขตการใช้
Private
Protected
Public
รูปที่ 1-2 คำที่ช่วยกำหนดขอบเขตการใช้ในภาษา C++
การนำวัตถุมาใช้ใหม่ (Reuse the Object)
จุดประสงค์ใหญ่ของการเขียนโปรแกรมเชิงวัตถุ ก็คือ การนำส่วนต่างๆ ของวัตถุที่สร้างขึ้นกลับมาใช้ใหม่หรือที่เรียกในภาษาอังกฤษว่า “Reuse” เมื่อผู้เขียนโปรแกรมสร้างวัตถุมีจำนวนมากพอก็สามารถนำวัตถุที่สร้างขึ้นมาประกอบเป็นวัตถุใหม่ หรือที่เรียกว่าคอมโพสิตชั่น “Composition” ดังตัวอย่างการสร้างรถยนต์ ผู้ใช้ไม่จำเป็นจะต้องสร้างรถโดยเริ่มจากส่วนประกอบต่างๆ ที่ทำใหม่ทุกครั้ง แต่ผู้ใช้สามารถสร้างจากส่วนประกอบที่มีอยู่แล้วได้
รูปที่ 1-3 รถยนต์และส่วนประกอบของรถยนต์ เช่น ล้อ หลังคา ฝากระโปรง
นอกจากวิธีการคอมโพสิตแล้ว ผู้ใช้ยังสามารถ Reuse ส่วนของวัตถุโดยการใช้สืบทอดคุณสมบัติ (Inheritance) จากคลาส ลักษณะเช่นนี้ คือ เป็นการนำส่วนของวัตถุทั้งหมดมาใช้ ซึ่งปกติแล้ววัตถุที่นำมาใช้ในลักษณะนี้จะมีขนาดใหญ่ ถ้าเป็นคอมโพสิตจะประกอบขึ้นจากส่วนของวัตถุที่มีขนาดเล็กกว่า อย่างไรก็ตาม ขนาดของวัตถุมิได้เป็นตัวกำหนดที่แน่นอนตายตัวเสมอไป
การพ้องรูป (Polymorphism)
รากฐานของการพ้องรูป (Polymorphism) ก็คือ การถ่ายทอดคุณสมบัติ เพราะถ้าไม่มีการถ่ายทอดคุณสมบัติก็จะไมเกิดสภาวะการพ้องรูป การถ่ายทอดคุณสมบัติเป็นเครื่องยืนยันได้ว่า คลาสลูกที่เกิดจากคลาสแม่เดียวกันย่อมมีคุณสมบัติเหมือนกัน
การเขียนโปรแกรมและการออกแบบระบบงาน
โดยปกติก่อนที่ผู้เขียนโปรแกรมจะสามารถเขียนคำสั่งได้ จะต้องมีการออกแบบระบบงานก่อนแล้วจึงเขียนโปรแกรมเป็นภาษาต่างๆ ตามชนิดของงานและความเหมาะสม การเขียนโปรแกรมเชิงวัตถุก็เช่นเดียวกัน จะต้องมีการออกแบบระบบงานก่อน หลักสำคัญสำหรับการออกแบบเชิงวัตถุ ก็คือ การหาวัตถุให้พบ เมื่อพบวัตถุแล้วจะต้องจำแนกวัตถุออกเป็นส่วนที่เปลี่ยนแปลงและส่วนที่อยู่คงที่ วัตถุที่ไม่เปลี่ยนแปลงสามารถนำไปใช้ได้เมี่อมีการปรับปรุงระบบงานใหม่ นั่นเป็นเหตุผลที่ทำให้ต้องมีการออกแบบระบบงาน วัตถุที่มีการเปลี่ยนแปลงบ่อย ก็ได้แก่ วัตถุที่ทำหน้าที่เป็นอินเตอร์เฟส เป็นต้น
ประโยชน์ของการโปรแกรมแบบ OOP
เทคโนโลยีของออบเจ็กต์โอเรียนเท็ดได้นำประโยชน์ของการพัฒนาซอฟต์แวร์มาให้ ดังนี้
1.ความสามารถในการเรียกใช้ได้หลายครั้ง ออบเจ็กต์ได้ถูกออกแบบตามหลักการที่ว่าสามารถเรียกใช้งานได้หลายๆ ครั้ง ในหลักการนี้ทำให้ Application ของ OOP ตัวแรกอาจจะทำได้ยาก แต่ว่าโปรแกรมแอปพลิเคชันที่เขียนภายหลังจะสร้างง่ายเพราะสามารถเรียกใช้ออบเจ็กต์ที่ถูกสร้างไว้ตั้งแต่โครงงานแรกได้
2.ความเชื่อถือได้ โปรแกรมแอปพลิเคชันของ OOP จะมีความเชื่อถือได้สูงเพราะจะรวมเอาส่วนย่อยที่ทดสอบจนได้มาตรฐานแล้วมารวมเข้าไว้ด้วยกัน รหัส (Code) ที่เขียนขึ้นมาใหม่ในแต่ละแอพพลิเคชันจะมีไม่มากนัก เนื่องจากรหัสส่วนใหญ่จะถูกดึงมาจากไลบรารีที่มีความเชื่อถือได้สูงอยู่แล้ว และในการโปรแกรมภาษา C++ ยังมีคุณประโยชน์อื่นอีก
3.ความต่อเนื่องกัน การพัฒนาซอฟต์แวร์แบบ OOP ใน C++ จะเปลี่ยนไปตามฝีมือและจำนวนนักเขียนโปรแกรมภาษา C นักโปรแกรมภาษา C ที่ชำนาญสามารถเรียนรู้หลักการของ OOP ได้ภายในเวลาไม่นาน และสามารถเข้าใจในเนื้อหาได้ไม่ยาก อีกทั้งสามารถแปลงโปรแกรมแอพพลิเคชั่นของ C เป็น C++ ได้
วันจันทร์ที่ 19 มกราคม พ.ศ. 2552
วันจันทร์ที่ 29 กันยายน พ.ศ. 2551
เปิดรูป BMP 16 BIT
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
struct BMP
{
char Type[2]; //File type. Set to "BM".
unsigned long Size; //Size in BYTES of the file.
unsigned long Reserved; //Reserved. Set to zero.
unsigned long OffSet; //Offset to the data.
unsigned long headsize; //Size of rest of header. Set to 40.
unsigned long Width; //Width of bitmap in pixels.
unsigned long Height; // Height of bitmap in pixels.
unsigned int Planes; //Number of Planes. Set to 1.
unsigned int BitsPerPixel; //Number of Bits per pixels.
unsigned long Compression; //Compression. Usually set to 0.
unsigned long SizeImage; //Size in bytes of the bitmap.
unsigned long XPixelsPreMeter; //Horizontal pixels per meter.
unsigned long YPixelsPreMeter; //Vertical pixels per meter.
unsigned long ColorsUsed; //Number of colors used.
unsigned long ColorsImportant; //Number of "important" colors.
} Obj;
int ShowBMP(int x, int y, char* FileName)
{
int b,a,im;
unsigned char* Datas;
int in=0;
unsigned char c=0;
FILE * fp;
fp = fopen(FileName,"rb");
if(!fp){
printf("Error : Unable to open file ..");
exit(0);
}
fread(&Obj, sizeof(Obj), 1, fp);
if(Obj.BitsPerPixel!=4) // This isn't a 16 color bmp we can read;
{
fclose(fp);
printf("Error : File format not supported ..");
exit(0);
};
fseek(fp,Obj.OffSet,SEEK_SET);
Datas=(unsigned char*) calloc(Obj.Width, sizeof(unsigned char));
im = 0;
for(b=Obj.Height;b>=0;b--)
{
fread(Datas, sizeof(unsigned char), Obj.Width/2, fp);
c=0;
in=0;
for(a=0;a<=Obj.Width;a+=2)
{
c = (Datas[in] | 0x00) >>4;
putpixel(a+x,b+y,c);
c = (Datas[in] | 0xF0) & 0x0F;
putpixel(a+1+x,b+y,c);
in++;
}
//fread(Datas, sizeof(unsigned char),1, fp);
//getch();
}
free (Datas);
fclose(fp);
return 1;
}
void main()
{
int color;
int gd , gm ;
gd = VGA ; gm = VGAHI;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");
ShowBMP(0,0,"test.bmp");
getch();
closegraph();
}
#include
#include
#include
#include
struct BMP
{
char Type[2]; //File type. Set to "BM".
unsigned long Size; //Size in BYTES of the file.
unsigned long Reserved; //Reserved. Set to zero.
unsigned long OffSet; //Offset to the data.
unsigned long headsize; //Size of rest of header. Set to 40.
unsigned long Width; //Width of bitmap in pixels.
unsigned long Height; // Height of bitmap in pixels.
unsigned int Planes; //Number of Planes. Set to 1.
unsigned int BitsPerPixel; //Number of Bits per pixels.
unsigned long Compression; //Compression. Usually set to 0.
unsigned long SizeImage; //Size in bytes of the bitmap.
unsigned long XPixelsPreMeter; //Horizontal pixels per meter.
unsigned long YPixelsPreMeter; //Vertical pixels per meter.
unsigned long ColorsUsed; //Number of colors used.
unsigned long ColorsImportant; //Number of "important" colors.
} Obj;
int ShowBMP(int x, int y, char* FileName)
{
int b,a,im;
unsigned char* Datas;
int in=0;
unsigned char c=0;
FILE * fp;
fp = fopen(FileName,"rb");
if(!fp){
printf("Error : Unable to open file ..");
exit(0);
}
fread(&Obj, sizeof(Obj), 1, fp);
if(Obj.BitsPerPixel!=4) // This isn't a 16 color bmp we can read;
{
fclose(fp);
printf("Error : File format not supported ..");
exit(0);
};
fseek(fp,Obj.OffSet,SEEK_SET);
Datas=(unsigned char*) calloc(Obj.Width, sizeof(unsigned char));
im = 0;
for(b=Obj.Height;b>=0;b--)
{
fread(Datas, sizeof(unsigned char), Obj.Width/2, fp);
c=0;
in=0;
for(a=0;a<=Obj.Width;a+=2)
{
c = (Datas[in] | 0x00) >>4;
putpixel(a+x,b+y,c);
c = (Datas[in] | 0xF0) & 0x0F;
putpixel(a+1+x,b+y,c);
in++;
}
//fread(Datas, sizeof(unsigned char),1, fp);
//getch();
}
free (Datas);
fclose(fp);
return 1;
}
void main()
{
int color;
int gd , gm ;
gd = VGA ; gm = VGAHI;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");
ShowBMP(0,0,"test.bmp");
getch();
closegraph();
}
เกมงูกินหาง
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
check();
end();
win();
int m[500],n[500],con=20;
clock_t start,stop;
void main(void)
{
int gd=DETECT,gm,ch,maxx,maxy,x=13,y=14,p,q,spd=100;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"..\bgi");
setcolor(WHITE);
settextstyle(3,0,6);
outtextxy(200,2," SNAKE 2 ");
settextstyle(6,0,2);
outtextxy(20,80," Use Arrow Keys To Direct The Snake ");
outtextxy(20,140," Avoid The Head Of Snake Not To Hit Any Part Of Snake");
outtextxy(20,160," Pick The Beats Untill You Win The Game ");
outtextxy(20,200," Press 'Esc' Anytime To Exit ");
outtextxy(20,220," Press Any Key To Continue ");
ch=getch();
if(ch==27) exit(0);
cleardevice();
maxx=getmaxx();
maxy=getmaxy();
randomize();
p=random(maxx);
int temp=p%13;
p=p-temp;
q=random(maxy);
temp=q%14;
q=q-temp;
start=clock();
int a=0,i=0,j,t;
while(1)
{
setcolor(WHITE);
setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,con+5);
circle(p,q,5);
floodfill(p,q,WHITE);
if( kbhit() )
{
ch=getch(); if(ch==0) ch=getch();
if(ch==72&& a!=2) a=1;
if(ch==80&& a!=1) a=2;
if(ch==75&& a!=4) a=3;
if(ch==77&& a!=3) a=4;
}
else
{
if(ch==27
) break;
}
if(i<20){
m[i]=x;
n[i]=y;
i++;
}
if(i>=20)
{
for(j=con;j>=0;j--){
m[1+j]=m[j];
n[1+j]=n[j];
}
m[0]=x;
n[0]=y;
setcolor(WHITE);
setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,con);
circle(m[0],n[0],8);
floodfill(m[0],n[0],WHITE);
setcolor(WHITE);
for(j=1;j setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,con+j%3);
circle(m[j],n[j],5);
floodfill(m[j],n[j],WHITE);
}
delay(spd);
setcolor(BLACK);
setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,BLACK);
circle(m[0],n[0],8);
floodfill(m[0],n[0],BLACK);
setcolor(BLACK);
setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,BLACK);
circle(m[j],n[j],5);
floodfill(m[j],n[j],BLACK);
}
stop=clock();
t=(stop-start)/CLK_TCK;
//printf(" TIME %d sec ",t);
//printf("SCORE %d",con-5);
check();
if(x==p&&y==q) { con=con+5; if(spd>=5) spd=spd-5; else spd=5;
if(con>490) win();
p=random(maxx); temp=p%13; p=p-temp;
q=random(maxy); temp=q%14; q=q-temp;
}
if(a==1) y = y-14; if(y<0) { temp=maxy%14;y=maxy-temp;}
if(a==2) y = y+14; if(y>maxy) y=0;
if(a==3) x = x-13; if(x<0) { temp=maxx%13;x=maxx-temp;}
if(a==4) x = x+13; if(x>maxx) x=0;
if(a==0){ y = y+14 ; x=x+13; }
}
}
check(){
int a;
for(a=1;a
if(m[0]==m[a] && n[0]==n[a]) end();
else continue;
}
end()
{
int j,i;
setcolor(WHITE);
for(i=0;i<5;i++){
delay(500);
cleardevice();
delay(500);
for(j=0;j<=con;j++){
setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,RED);
circle(m[j],n[j],5);
floodfill(m[j],n[j],WHITE);
}
}
settextstyle(3,0,4);
outtextxy(150,150," GAME OVER ");
getch();
getch();
exit(0);
}
win()
{
int j,i;
setcolor(WHITE);
for(i=0;i<5;i++){
for(j=0;j<=con;j++){
setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,con);
circle(m[j],n[j],5);
floodfill(m[j],n[j],WHITE);
}
delay(500);
cleardevice();
delay(500);
}
settextstyle(3,0,4);
outtextxy(210,320," YOU WIN ");
getch();
exit(0);
}
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
check();
end();
win();
int m[500],n[500],con=20;
clock_t start,stop;
void main(void)
{
int gd=DETECT,gm,ch,maxx,maxy,x=13,y=14,p,q,spd=100;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"..\bgi");
setcolor(WHITE);
settextstyle(3,0,6);
outtextxy(200,2," SNAKE 2 ");
settextstyle(6,0,2);
outtextxy(20,80," Use Arrow Keys To Direct The Snake ");
outtextxy(20,140," Avoid The Head Of Snake Not To Hit Any Part Of Snake");
outtextxy(20,160," Pick The Beats Untill You Win The Game ");
outtextxy(20,200," Press 'Esc' Anytime To Exit ");
outtextxy(20,220," Press Any Key To Continue ");
ch=getch();
if(ch==27) exit(0);
cleardevice();
maxx=getmaxx();
maxy=getmaxy();
randomize();
p=random(maxx);
int temp=p%13;
p=p-temp;
q=random(maxy);
temp=q%14;
q=q-temp;
start=clock();
int a=0,i=0,j,t;
while(1)
{
setcolor(WHITE);
setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,con+5);
circle(p,q,5);
floodfill(p,q,WHITE);
if( kbhit() )
{
ch=getch(); if(ch==0) ch=getch();
if(ch==72&& a!=2) a=1;
if(ch==80&& a!=1) a=2;
if(ch==75&& a!=4) a=3;
if(ch==77&& a!=3) a=4;
}
else
{
if(ch==27
) break;
}
if(i<20){
m[i]=x;
n[i]=y;
i++;
}
if(i>=20)
{
for(j=con;j>=0;j--){
m[1+j]=m[j];
n[1+j]=n[j];
}
m[0]=x;
n[0]=y;
setcolor(WHITE);
setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,con);
circle(m[0],n[0],8);
floodfill(m[0],n[0],WHITE);
setcolor(WHITE);
for(j=1;j
circle(m[j],n[j],5);
floodfill(m[j],n[j],WHITE);
}
delay(spd);
setcolor(BLACK);
setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,BLACK);
circle(m[0],n[0],8);
floodfill(m[0],n[0],BLACK);
setcolor(BLACK);
setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,BLACK);
circle(m[j],n[j],5);
floodfill(m[j],n[j],BLACK);
}
stop=clock();
t=(stop-start)/CLK_TCK;
//printf(" TIME %d sec ",t);
//printf("SCORE %d",con-5);
check();
if(x==p&&y==q) { con=con+5; if(spd>=5) spd=spd-5; else spd=5;
if(con>490) win();
p=random(maxx); temp=p%13; p=p-temp;
q=random(maxy); temp=q%14; q=q-temp;
}
if(a==1) y = y-14; if(y<0) { temp=maxy%14;y=maxy-temp;}
if(a==2) y = y+14; if(y>maxy) y=0;
if(a==3) x = x-13; if(x<0) { temp=maxx%13;x=maxx-temp;}
if(a==4) x = x+13; if(x>maxx) x=0;
if(a==0){ y = y+14 ; x=x+13; }
}
}
check(){
int a;
for(a=1;a
if(m[0]==m[a] && n[0]==n[a]) end();
else continue;
}
end()
{
int j,i;
setcolor(WHITE);
for(i=0;i<5;i++){
delay(500);
cleardevice();
delay(500);
for(j=0;j<=con;j++){
setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,RED);
circle(m[j],n[j],5);
floodfill(m[j],n[j],WHITE);
}
}
settextstyle(3,0,4);
outtextxy(150,150," GAME OVER ");
getch();
getch();
exit(0);
}
win()
{
int j,i;
setcolor(WHITE);
for(i=0;i<5;i++){
for(j=0;j<=con;j++){
setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,con);
circle(m[j],n[j],5);
floodfill(m[j],n[j],WHITE);
}
delay(500);
cleardevice();
delay(500);
}
settextstyle(3,0,4);
outtextxy(210,320," YOU WIN ");
getch();
exit(0);
}
สี่เหลี่ยม พิศวง
//n[n*n+1]/2.
void BuildMagicSquare()
{
int order=5,loop;
int MagicMat[5][5];
int SqrOfOrder = order * order;
int nCount=0, mid=order/2;
for(loop=1; loop<=SqrOfOrder ; ++loop)
{
MagicMat[nCount--][mid++] = loop;
if (loop % order == 0)
{
nCount += 2;
--mid;
}
else
{
if (mid==order)
mid -= order;
else if (nCount<0)
nCount += order;
}
}
}
void BuildMagicSquare()
{
int order=5,loop;
int MagicMat[5][5];
int SqrOfOrder = order * order;
int nCount=0, mid=order/2;
for(loop=1; loop<=SqrOfOrder ; ++loop)
{
MagicMat[nCount--][mid++] = loop;
if (loop % order == 0)
{
nCount += 2;
--mid;
}
else
{
if (mid==order)
mid -= order;
else if (nCount<0)
nCount += order;
}
}
}
สร้างเกม Tetris
/* Tetris in C*/
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#define NUM_OF_BLCKS 30
// Symbolic Constants
const int Sys_MAXX=640,Sys_MAXY=480;
const int EMPTY=-1,TRUE=1,FALSE=0;
// Global Variables
int driver=DETECT,mode,error;
// Structure and Class Declarations
class Window;
class Tetris;
class Window
{
private:
int xleft,ytop,xright,ybottom;
int Win_MAXX_Span,Win_MAXY_Span;
int linecolor,bgcolor;
public:
Window()
{
// NULL CONSTRUCTOR
// Assigning in the Sequence :
// Upper_Left(UL) , Lower_Right(LR)
xleft=ytop=0;
xright=Sys_MAXX;ybottom=Sys_MAXY;
Win_MAXX_Span=Sys_MAXX;
Win_MAXY_Span=Sys_MAXY;
linecolor=WHITE;
bgcolor=BLACK;
}
void set_window_par(int[],int,int);
void draw_window(void);
void putstring(char*,int,int);
int get_parameter(int);
};
void Window :: set_window_par(int xyco[],int lc=WHITE,int bgc=BLACK)
{
// Assigning in the Sequence :
// Upper_Left(UL) , Lower_Right(LR)
xleft=xyco[0];
ytop=xyco[1];
xright=xyco[2];
ybottom=xyco[3];
Win_MAXX_Span=xright-xleft;
Win_MAXY_Span=ybottom-ytop;
linecolor=lc;
bgcolor=bgc;
}
void Window :: draw_window(void)
{
setcolor(linecolor);
setlinestyle(0,0,1);
rectangle(xleft,ytop,xright,ybottom);
setfillstyle(1,bgcolor);
floodfill(xleft+1,ytop+1,linecolor);
}
void Window :: putstring(char s[],int xco,int yco)
{
moveto(xco,yco);
settextstyle(TRIPLEX_FONT,HORIZ_DIR,0);
setcolor(WHITE);
setusercharsize(1,2,1,2);
outtext(s);
}
int Window :: get_parameter(int Para_id)
{
int Para_value;
switch(Para_id)
{
case 1: Para_value=xleft;
case 2: Para_value=ytop;
case 3: Para_value=xright;
case 4: Para_value=ybottom;
case 5: Para_value=Win_MAXX_Span;break;
case 6: Para_value=Win_MAXY_Span;break;
case 7: Para_value=linecolor;break;
case 8: Para_value=bgcolor;break;
}
return Para_value;
}
class Tetris
{
private:
int SCode,PCode,TCode;
int **tarr,fbsize,boxtype;
int VXCh,HYCh,fillcol;
Window W1; // Main Window
Window W2; // Side Window
Window W3; // Next_Piece Window
Window W4; // Total Score Window
Window W5; // "Total Lines Destroyed" Window
Window W6; // "Lines Remaining for Game Over" Window
Window W7; // "Level" Window
public:
Tetris(){fbsize=10;fillcol=RED;}
void regulate_play(void);
void initialize_windows(void);
void gen_randshape(void);
void draw_shape(int,int,int,Window*);
int verify_vert_movement(int,int);
}Temp;
void Tetris :: regulate_play(void)
{
int i,j,r;
int channel,y=0;
int prevchan,prevy;
initialize_windows();
/*
Looping as many times as user desires .Each time, one Tetris-Block is
produced randomly at the top of Main Window, slides in Free-fall
and settles at floor of the Tetris Window. In the meanwhile, next piece
is produced randomly(displayed in "Next Piece Window"), which is used as
the Falling Tetris-Block in next iteration.
Please note, here:
'T' - the invoking object from main() is object for Tetris Main Window
'Temp' - Is the Object for "Next Piece Window"
*/
for(r=0;r {
if(r==0)
// Very 1st Looping
{
// Hence, Generating shape to be used currently/initially by using Next_Piece Object
Temp.gen_randshape();
// Randomly Selecting the FillColor of the Shape that will be drawn in Main Window
do{
fillcol=random(16);
}while(fillcol==WHITE||fillcol==YELLOW||fillcol==BLACK);
}
else
// Subsequent Iterations
{
// Erasing "Next Piece Window" Graphically
W3.draw_window();
// Erasing "Next Piece Window" Logically (i.e. contents of tarr[][] reset)
Temp.draw_shape(3,3,EMPTY,&W3);
}
// Making the Next Piece Obj contents as the Main Window Piece Obj contents
SCode=Temp.SCode;
PCode=Temp.PCode;
TCode=Temp.TCode;
if(r!=0)
fillcol=Temp.fillcol;
// Generating a Random Next-Piece =>
// This will by above assignments become
// the Current Piece in next iteration
Temp.gen_randshape();
// Randomly Selecting the Channel =>
// One of the (45-3) Vertical Channels that the piece can be launched
// into Free-Fall from Top of the Tetris Window
channel=random(VXCh-3);
// Randomly Selecting the FillColor of the Shape that will be drawn in the Next Piece Window
do{
Temp.fillcol=random(16);
}while(Temp.fillcol==WHITE||Temp.fillcol==YELLOW|| Temp.fillcol==BLACK);
// Drawing the Pieces in Main & Next Piece Window respectively
draw_shape(channel,y,fillcol,&W1);
Temp.draw_shape(3,3,Temp.fillcol,&W3);
// Erasing Piece from Main Window
W1.draw_window();draw_shape(channel,y,EMPTY,&W1);
// Iterating for Current Piece for Free-Fall Motion to floor of Tetris Window
// Here:
// 1. 'j' will control the FREE-FALLING Motion of Tetris Block
// 2. 'channel' will control Horizontal/Sideways Motion of Tetris Block
for(j=y;(j ||(j ||(j {
prevchan=channel;
if(channel==0)
// We have reached the LEFTMOST boundary
// Hence, we may either let 'channel' be or Increment it
// We CANNOT and MUST NOT Decrement 'channel'
{
switch(random(2))
{
case 0:break;
case 1:channel++;
}
}
else if((channel==VXCh-2&&boxtype==23) || (channel==VXCh-3&&boxtype==32) ||
(channel==VXCh-1&&boxtype==14) || (channel==VXCh-4&&boxtype==41) ||(channel==VXCh-2&&boxtype==22))
// We have reached the RIGHTMOST boundary
// Hence, we may either let 'channel' be or Decrement it
// We CANNOT and MUST NOT Increment 'channel'
{
switch(random(2))
{
case 0:break;
case 1:channel--;
}
}
else
// We are somewhere in the middle
// Hence, we may move leftwards, rightwards or stay as it is
{
switch(random(3))
{
case 0:channel++;break;
case 1:channel--;break;
case 2:break;
}
}
if(j!=y)
// Executing for all iterations except the 1st one
{
// Erasing contents of Tetris Main Window Graphically
W1.draw_window();
// Erasing contents of Tetris Main Window Logically
// (i.e. contents of tarr[][] are reset)
draw_shape(prevchan,j-1,EMPTY,&W1);
}
// Drawing the Tetris Block with new values of 'channel' & 'j'
draw_shape(channel,j,fillcol,&W1);
// Testing whether further vertical motion is possible or not
// Depending upon that, we either continue or abandon iterating
if(!verify_vert_movement(channel,j))
break;
delay(1000);
}
}
}
void Tetris :: initialize_windows(void)
{
//TESTING Window Drawings
initgraph(&driver,&mode,"\\TC\\BGI");
error=graphresult();
if(error!=grOk)
{
printf("GRAPHICS ERROR!!");
getch();
exit(1);
}
int xy1[4],xy2[4],xy3[4],xy4[4],xy5[4],xy6[4],xy7[4];
// Setting Window Parameters
xy1[0]=10;xy1[1]=10;
xy1[2]=460;xy1[3]=470;
xy2[0]=480;xy2[1]=10;
xy2[2]=630;xy2[3]=470;
xy3[0]=510;xy3[1]=40;
xy3[2]=600;xy3[3]=120;
xy4[0]=495;xy4[1]=160;
xy4[2]=615;xy4[3]=190;
xy5[0]=495;xy5[1]=230;
xy5[2]=615;xy5[3]=260;
xy6[0]=495;xy6[1]=300;
xy6[2]=615;xy6[3]=330;
xy7[0]=495;xy7[1]=370;
xy7[2]=615;xy7[3]=400;
W1.set_window_par(xy1);
W2.set_window_par(xy2);
W3.set_window_par(xy3);
W4.set_window_par(xy4);
W5.set_window_par(xy5);
W6.set_window_par(xy6);
W7.set_window_par(xy7);
// Initializing for the Main Window Tetris Obj 'T/Temp' the following parameters ;
// 1. No. of Vertical Channels or Vertical Span (VXCh)
// 2. No. of Horizontal Channels ot Horizontal Span (HYCh)
// 3. 2D-Array 'tarr' where -
// tarr[i][j] => 10pixel by 10pixel block, 3-4 of which put together forms ONE Tetris Block
VXCh=W1.get_parameter(5)/fbsize;
HYCh=W1.get_parameter(6)/fbsize;
tarr=(int**)malloc((VXCh)*sizeof(int));
for(int i=0;i tarr[i]=(int*)malloc((HYCh)*sizeof(int));
for(int j=0;j for(int k=0;k tarr[j][k]=EMPTY;
// Initializing for the Next Piece Window Tetris Obj 'Temp' the following parameters ;
// 1. No. of Vertical Channels or Vertical Span (HYCh)
// 2. No. of Horizontal Channels ot Horizontal Span (HYCh)
// 3. 2D-Array 'tarr' where -
// tarr[i][j] => 10pixel by 10pixel block, 3-4 of which put together forms ONE Tetris Block
Temp.VXCh=W3.get_parameter(5)/fbsize;
Temp.HYCh=W3.get_parameter(6)/fbsize;
Temp.tarr=(int**)malloc((Temp.VXCh)*sizeof(int));
for(i=0;i Temp.tarr[i]=(int*)malloc((Temp.HYCh)*sizeof(int));
for(j=0;j for(k=0;k Temp.tarr[j][k]=EMPTY;
// Drawing all the Windows
W1.draw_window();
W2.draw_window();
W3.draw_window();
W4.draw_window();
W5.draw_window();
W6.draw_window();
W7.draw_window();
// Writing String Entries in Windows
W2.putstring("Next Piece :",495,20);
W2.putstring("SCORE :",495,140);
W2.putstring("Tot. Lines Dest. :",495,210);
W2.putstring("Lines Rem. :",495,280);
W2.putstring("LEVEL :",495,350);
}
void Tetris :: gen_randshape(void)
{
SCode=random(7);
// Scode=0 --> L-Shape , Scode=1 --> InvL-Shape
// Scode=2 --> T-Shape , Scode=3 --> Z-Shape
// Scode=4 --> InvZ-Shape , Scode=5 --> I-Shape
// Scode=6 --> Sq-Shape
// Tcode=0 --> L1 , Tcode=1 --> L2 , Tcode=2 --> L3
// Tcode=3 --> L4 , Tcode=4 --> IL1 , Tcode=5 --> IL2
// Tcode=6 --> IL3 , Tcode=7 --> IL4 , Tcode=8 --> T1
// Tcode=9 --> T2 , Tcode=10 --> T3 , Tcode=11 --> T4
// Tcode=12 --> Z1 , Tcode=13 --> Z2 , Tcode=14 --> IZ1
// Tcode=15 --> IZ2 , Tcode=16 --> I1 , Tcode=17 --> I2
// Tcode=18 --> Sq
/*
NOTE:
1. TCode=0 --> L1 => Normal 'L' Shaped Block, i.e. '|_'
Give Anti-Clockwise Rotation to visualize L2, L3 & L4
2. TCode=4 --> IL1 => Inverted 'L' Shaped Block, i.e. '_|'
Give Anti-Clockwise Rotation to visualize IL2, IL3 & IL4
3. TCode=8 --> T1 => '_|_' Shaped Block
Give Anti-Clockwise Rotation to visualize T2, T3 & T4
_
4. TCode=12 -->Z1 => Normal 'Z' Shaped Block, i.e. ' |_'
Give Anti-Clockwise Rotation to visualize Z2
_
5. TCode=14 -->IZ1 => Inverted 'Z' Shaped Block, i.e. '_| '
Give Anti-Clockwise Rotation to visualize IZ2
6. TCode=16 -->I1 => Long Vertically Standing Block
7. TCode=17 -->I2 => Long Horizontally Sleeping Block
8. TCode=18 -->Sq => Sq Block consisting of 2 by 2 fundamental blocks
Each of the above 8 sets consist of 4 Fundamental Blocks
*/
switch(SCode)
{
case 0:
case 1:
case 2: PCode=random(4);TCode=4*SCode+PCode;break;
case 3: PCode=random(2);TCode=12+PCode;break;
case 4: PCode=random(2);TCode=14+PCode;break;
case 5: PCode=random(2);TCode=16+PCode;break;
case 6: PCode=0;TCode=18;
}
}
void Tetris :: draw_shape(int channel,int y,int DMode,Window *W)
{
if(TCode==18)
{
// Boxtype is 2Col by 2Rows (i.e. 2VXPix by 2HYPix)
boxtype=22;
// Drawing the 4 Blocks Logically
tarr[channel][y]=tarr[channel][y+1]=tarr[channel+1][y]=tarr[channel+1][y+1]=DMode;
}
else if(TCode==16)
{
// Boxtype is 1Col by 4Row (i.e. 1VXPix by 4HYPix)
boxtype=14;
// Drawing the 4 Blocks Logically
tarr[channel][y]=tarr[channel][y+1]=tarr[channel][y+2]=tarr[channel][y+3]=DMode;
}
else if(TCode==17)
{
// Boxtype is 4Col by 1Row (i.e. 4VXPix by 1HYPix)
boxtype=41;
// Drawing the 4 Blocks Logically
tarr[channel][y]=tarr[channel+1][y]=tarr[channel+2][y]=tarr[channel+3][y]=DMode;
}
else if(TCode==0||TCode==2||TCode==4||TCode==6||
TCode==9||TCode==11||TCode==13||TCode==15)
{
// Boxtype is 2Col by 3Rows (i.e. 2VXPix by 3HYPix)
boxtype=23;
if(TCode==0||TCode==6||TCode==9)
// Drawing the Common Blocks Logically
tarr[channel][y]=tarr[channel][y+1]=tarr[channel][y+2]=DMode;
else if(TCode==2||TCode==4||TCode==11)
// Drawing the Common Blocks Logically
tarr[channel+1][y]=tarr[channel+1][y+1]=tarr[channel+1][y+2]=DMode;
else if(TCode==13||TCode==15)
// Drawing the Common Blocks Logically
tarr[channel][y+1]=tarr[channel+1][y+1]=DMode;
}
else if(TCode==1||TCode==3||TCode==5||TCode==7||
TCode==8||TCode==10||TCode==12||TCode==14)
{
// Boxtype is 3Col by 2Rows (i.e. 3VXPix by 2HYPix)
boxtype=32;
if(TCode==1||TCode==7||TCode==8)
// Drawing the Common Blocks Logically
tarr[channel][y+1]=tarr[channel+1][y+1]=tarr[channel+2][y+1]=DMode;
else if(TCode==3||TCode==5||TCode==10)
// Drawing the Common Blocks Logically
tarr[channel][y]=tarr[channel+1][y]=tarr[channel+2][y]=DMode;
else if(TCode==12||TCode==14)
// Drawing the Common Blocks Logically
tarr[channel+1][y]=tarr[channel+1][y+1]=DMode;
}
// Drawing the Specialized Xtra Blocks Logically
switch(TCode)
{
case 0: tarr[channel+1][y+2]=DMode;break;
case 1: tarr[channel+2][y]=DMode;break;
case 2: tarr[channel][y]=DMode;break;
case 3: tarr[channel][y+1]=DMode;break;
case 4: tarr[channel][y+2]=DMode;break;
case 5: tarr[channel+2][y+1]=DMode;break;
case 6: tarr[channel+1][y]=DMode;break;
case 7: tarr[channel][y]=DMode;break;
case 8: tarr[channel+1][y]=DMode;break;
case 9: tarr[channel+1][y+1]=DMode;break;
case 10:tarr[channel+1][y+1]=DMode;break;
case 11:tarr[channel][y+1]=DMode;break;
case 12:tarr[channel][y]=DMode;tarr[channel+2][y+1]=DMode;break;
case 13:tarr[channel+1][y]=DMode;tarr[channel][y+2]=DMode;break;
case 14:tarr[channel][y+1]=DMode;tarr[channel+2][y]=DMode;break;
case 15:tarr[channel][y]=DMode;tarr[channel+1][y+2]=DMode;break;
}
// Actually Drawing it Graphically for Window W1
if(W==&W1)
{
for(int i=0;i for(int j=0;j if(tarr[i][j]!=EMPTY)
{
setcolor(YELLOW);
setlinestyle(0,0,1);
rectangle(fbsize*(i+1),fbsize*(j+1),fbsize*(i+2),fbsize*(j+2));
setfillstyle(1,tarr[i][j]);
floodfill(fbsize*(i+1)+1,fbsize*(j+1)+1,YELLOW);
}
}
else
{
for(int i=0;i for(int j=0;j if(tarr[i][j]!=EMPTY)
{
setcolor(YELLOW);
setlinestyle(0,0,1);
rectangle(fbsize*(i+51),fbsize*(j+4),fbsize*(i+52) ,fbsize*(j+5));
setfillstyle(1,tarr[i][j]);
floodfill(fbsize*(i+51)+1,fbsize*(j+4)+1,YELLOW);
}
}
}
int Tetris :: verify_vert_movement(int channel,int y)
{
if(TCode==18)
{
if(tarr[channel][y+2]!=EMPTY||tarr[channel+1][y+2]!=EMPTY)
return FALSE;
else
return TRUE;
}
else if(TCode==16)
{
if(tarr[channel][y+4]!=EMPTY)
return FALSE;
else
return TRUE;
}
else if(TCode==17)
{
if(tarr[channel][y+1]!=EMPTY||tarr[channel+1][y+1]!=EMPTY||tarr[channel+2][y+1]!=EMPTY||tarr[channel+3][y+1]!=EMPTY)
return FALSE;
else
return TRUE;
}
else if(TCode==0||TCode==2||TCode==4||TCode==6||
TCode==9||TCode==11||TCode==13||TCode==15)
{
if(TCode==0||TCode==6||TCode==9)
{
// Analysing the Common Blocks Logically
if(tarr[channel][y+3]!=EMPTY)
return FALSE;
}
else if(TCode==2||TCode==4||TCode==11)
{
// Analysing the Common Blocks Logically
if(tarr[channel+1][y+3]!=EMPTY)
return FALSE;
}
else if(TCode==13)
{
// Analysing the Blocks Logically
if(tarr[channel][y+3]!=EMPTY||tarr[channel+1][y+2]!=EMPTY)
return FALSE;
else
return TRUE;
}
else if(TCode==15)
{
// Analysing the Blocks Logically
if(tarr[channel][y+2]!=EMPTY||tarr[channel+1][y+3]!=EMPTY)
return FALSE;
else
return TRUE;
}
}
else if(TCode==1||TCode==3||TCode==5||TCode==7||
TCode==8||TCode==10||TCode==12||TCode==14)
{
if(TCode==1||TCode==7||TCode==8)
{
// Analysing the Common Blocks Logically
if(tarr[channel][y+2]!=EMPTY||tarr[channel+1][y+2]!=EMPTY||tarr[channel+2][y+2]!=EMPTY)
return FALSE;
else
return TRUE;
}
else if(TCode==12)
{
// Analysing the Blocks Logically
if(tarr[channel][y+1]!=EMPTY||tarr[channel+1][y+2]!=EMPTY||tarr[channel+2][y+2]!=EMPTY)
return FALSE;
else
return TRUE;
}
else if(TCode==14)
{
// Analysing the Blocks Logically
if(tarr[channel][y+2]!=EMPTY||tarr[channel+1][y+2]!=EMPTY||tarr[channel+2][y+1]!=EMPTY)
return FALSE;
else
return TRUE;
}
}
// Analysing the Specialized Xtra Blocks Logically
switch(TCode)
{
case 0: if(tarr[channel+1][y+3]!=EMPTY)return FALSE;break;
case 6: if(tarr[channel+1][y+1]!=EMPTY)return FALSE;break;
case 9: if(tarr[channel+1][y+2]!=EMPTY)return FALSE;break;
case 2: if(tarr[channel][y+1]!=EMPTY)return FALSE;break;
case 4: if(tarr[channel][y+3]!=EMPTY)return FALSE;break;
case 11:if(tarr[channel][y+2]!=EMPTY)return FALSE;break;
case 3: if(tarr[channel][y+2]!=EMPTY||tarr[channel+1][y+1]!=EMPTY||tarr[channel+2][y+1]!=EMPTY)return FALSE;break;
case 5: if(tarr[channel][y+1]!=EMPTY||tarr[channel+1][y+1]!=EMPTY||tarr[channel+2][y+2]!=EMPTY)return FALSE;break;
case 10:if(tarr[channel][y+1]!=EMPTY||tarr[channel+1][y+2]!=EMPTY||tarr[channel+2][y+1]!=EMPTY)return FALSE;//break;
}
return TRUE;
}
// Main Prog :
void main()
{
//Seeding the Random Number Generator
randomize();
Tetris T;
printf("\n\nWelcome to Tetris \n\n");
printf("\n\nThis Demo is a glimpse into a preliminary Version and just shows the Movement of Various Tetris Pieces along the Tetris Play Space\n\n");
printf("\n\nUser I/P is NOT Expected\n\n");
printf("\n\n\nPress ENTER to goto Graphics Mode and See the DEMO\n\n\n");
getch();clrscr();
T.regulate_play();
getch();
}
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#define NUM_OF_BLCKS 30
// Symbolic Constants
const int Sys_MAXX=640,Sys_MAXY=480;
const int EMPTY=-1,TRUE=1,FALSE=0;
// Global Variables
int driver=DETECT,mode,error;
// Structure and Class Declarations
class Window;
class Tetris;
class Window
{
private:
int xleft,ytop,xright,ybottom;
int Win_MAXX_Span,Win_MAXY_Span;
int linecolor,bgcolor;
public:
Window()
{
// NULL CONSTRUCTOR
// Assigning in the Sequence :
// Upper_Left(UL) , Lower_Right(LR)
xleft=ytop=0;
xright=Sys_MAXX;ybottom=Sys_MAXY;
Win_MAXX_Span=Sys_MAXX;
Win_MAXY_Span=Sys_MAXY;
linecolor=WHITE;
bgcolor=BLACK;
}
void set_window_par(int[],int,int);
void draw_window(void);
void putstring(char*,int,int);
int get_parameter(int);
};
void Window :: set_window_par(int xyco[],int lc=WHITE,int bgc=BLACK)
{
// Assigning in the Sequence :
// Upper_Left(UL) , Lower_Right(LR)
xleft=xyco[0];
ytop=xyco[1];
xright=xyco[2];
ybottom=xyco[3];
Win_MAXX_Span=xright-xleft;
Win_MAXY_Span=ybottom-ytop;
linecolor=lc;
bgcolor=bgc;
}
void Window :: draw_window(void)
{
setcolor(linecolor);
setlinestyle(0,0,1);
rectangle(xleft,ytop,xright,ybottom);
setfillstyle(1,bgcolor);
floodfill(xleft+1,ytop+1,linecolor);
}
void Window :: putstring(char s[],int xco,int yco)
{
moveto(xco,yco);
settextstyle(TRIPLEX_FONT,HORIZ_DIR,0);
setcolor(WHITE);
setusercharsize(1,2,1,2);
outtext(s);
}
int Window :: get_parameter(int Para_id)
{
int Para_value;
switch(Para_id)
{
case 1: Para_value=xleft;
case 2: Para_value=ytop;
case 3: Para_value=xright;
case 4: Para_value=ybottom;
case 5: Para_value=Win_MAXX_Span;break;
case 6: Para_value=Win_MAXY_Span;break;
case 7: Para_value=linecolor;break;
case 8: Para_value=bgcolor;break;
}
return Para_value;
}
class Tetris
{
private:
int SCode,PCode,TCode;
int **tarr,fbsize,boxtype;
int VXCh,HYCh,fillcol;
Window W1; // Main Window
Window W2; // Side Window
Window W3; // Next_Piece Window
Window W4; // Total Score Window
Window W5; // "Total Lines Destroyed" Window
Window W6; // "Lines Remaining for Game Over" Window
Window W7; // "Level" Window
public:
Tetris(){fbsize=10;fillcol=RED;}
void regulate_play(void);
void initialize_windows(void);
void gen_randshape(void);
void draw_shape(int,int,int,Window*);
int verify_vert_movement(int,int);
}Temp;
void Tetris :: regulate_play(void)
{
int i,j,r;
int channel,y=0;
int prevchan,prevy;
initialize_windows();
/*
Looping as many times as user desires .Each time, one Tetris-Block is
produced randomly at the top of Main Window, slides in Free-fall
and settles at floor of the Tetris Window. In the meanwhile, next piece
is produced randomly(displayed in "Next Piece Window"), which is used as
the Falling Tetris-Block in next iteration.
Please note, here:
'T' - the invoking object from main() is object for Tetris Main Window
'Temp' - Is the Object for "Next Piece Window"
*/
for(r=0;r
if(r==0)
// Very 1st Looping
{
// Hence, Generating shape to be used currently/initially by using Next_Piece Object
Temp.gen_randshape();
// Randomly Selecting the FillColor of the Shape that will be drawn in Main Window
do{
fillcol=random(16);
}while(fillcol==WHITE||fillcol==YELLOW||fillcol==BLACK);
}
else
// Subsequent Iterations
{
// Erasing "Next Piece Window" Graphically
W3.draw_window();
// Erasing "Next Piece Window" Logically (i.e. contents of tarr[][] reset)
Temp.draw_shape(3,3,EMPTY,&W3);
}
// Making the Next Piece Obj contents as the Main Window Piece Obj contents
SCode=Temp.SCode;
PCode=Temp.PCode;
TCode=Temp.TCode;
if(r!=0)
fillcol=Temp.fillcol;
// Generating a Random Next-Piece =>
// This will by above assignments become
// the Current Piece in next iteration
Temp.gen_randshape();
// Randomly Selecting the Channel =>
// One of the (45-3) Vertical Channels that the piece can be launched
// into Free-Fall from Top of the Tetris Window
channel=random(VXCh-3);
// Randomly Selecting the FillColor of the Shape that will be drawn in the Next Piece Window
do{
Temp.fillcol=random(16);
}while(Temp.fillcol==WHITE||Temp.fillcol==YELLOW|| Temp.fillcol==BLACK);
// Drawing the Pieces in Main & Next Piece Window respectively
draw_shape(channel,y,fillcol,&W1);
Temp.draw_shape(3,3,Temp.fillcol,&W3);
// Erasing Piece from Main Window
W1.draw_window();draw_shape(channel,y,EMPTY,&W1);
// Iterating for Current Piece for Free-Fall Motion to floor of Tetris Window
// Here:
// 1. 'j' will control the FREE-FALLING Motion of Tetris Block
// 2. 'channel' will control Horizontal/Sideways Motion of Tetris Block
for(j=y;(j
prevchan=channel;
if(channel==0)
// We have reached the LEFTMOST boundary
// Hence, we may either let 'channel' be or Increment it
// We CANNOT and MUST NOT Decrement 'channel'
{
switch(random(2))
{
case 0:break;
case 1:channel++;
}
}
else if((channel==VXCh-2&&boxtype==23) || (channel==VXCh-3&&boxtype==32) ||
(channel==VXCh-1&&boxtype==14) || (channel==VXCh-4&&boxtype==41) ||(channel==VXCh-2&&boxtype==22))
// We have reached the RIGHTMOST boundary
// Hence, we may either let 'channel' be or Decrement it
// We CANNOT and MUST NOT Increment 'channel'
{
switch(random(2))
{
case 0:break;
case 1:channel--;
}
}
else
// We are somewhere in the middle
// Hence, we may move leftwards, rightwards or stay as it is
{
switch(random(3))
{
case 0:channel++;break;
case 1:channel--;break;
case 2:break;
}
}
if(j!=y)
// Executing for all iterations except the 1st one
{
// Erasing contents of Tetris Main Window Graphically
W1.draw_window();
// Erasing contents of Tetris Main Window Logically
// (i.e. contents of tarr[][] are reset)
draw_shape(prevchan,j-1,EMPTY,&W1);
}
// Drawing the Tetris Block with new values of 'channel' & 'j'
draw_shape(channel,j,fillcol,&W1);
// Testing whether further vertical motion is possible or not
// Depending upon that, we either continue or abandon iterating
if(!verify_vert_movement(channel,j))
break;
delay(1000);
}
}
}
void Tetris :: initialize_windows(void)
{
//TESTING Window Drawings
initgraph(&driver,&mode,"\\TC\\BGI");
error=graphresult();
if(error!=grOk)
{
printf("GRAPHICS ERROR!!");
getch();
exit(1);
}
int xy1[4],xy2[4],xy3[4],xy4[4],xy5[4],xy6[4],xy7[4];
// Setting Window Parameters
xy1[0]=10;xy1[1]=10;
xy1[2]=460;xy1[3]=470;
xy2[0]=480;xy2[1]=10;
xy2[2]=630;xy2[3]=470;
xy3[0]=510;xy3[1]=40;
xy3[2]=600;xy3[3]=120;
xy4[0]=495;xy4[1]=160;
xy4[2]=615;xy4[3]=190;
xy5[0]=495;xy5[1]=230;
xy5[2]=615;xy5[3]=260;
xy6[0]=495;xy6[1]=300;
xy6[2]=615;xy6[3]=330;
xy7[0]=495;xy7[1]=370;
xy7[2]=615;xy7[3]=400;
W1.set_window_par(xy1);
W2.set_window_par(xy2);
W3.set_window_par(xy3);
W4.set_window_par(xy4);
W5.set_window_par(xy5);
W6.set_window_par(xy6);
W7.set_window_par(xy7);
// Initializing for the Main Window Tetris Obj 'T/Temp' the following parameters ;
// 1. No. of Vertical Channels or Vertical Span (VXCh)
// 2. No. of Horizontal Channels ot Horizontal Span (HYCh)
// 3. 2D-Array 'tarr' where -
// tarr[i][j] => 10pixel by 10pixel block, 3-4 of which put together forms ONE Tetris Block
VXCh=W1.get_parameter(5)/fbsize;
HYCh=W1.get_parameter(6)/fbsize;
tarr=(int**)malloc((VXCh)*sizeof(int));
for(int i=0;i
for(int j=0;j
// Initializing for the Next Piece Window Tetris Obj 'Temp' the following parameters ;
// 1. No. of Vertical Channels or Vertical Span (HYCh)
// 2. No. of Horizontal Channels ot Horizontal Span (HYCh)
// 3. 2D-Array 'tarr' where -
// tarr[i][j] => 10pixel by 10pixel block, 3-4 of which put together forms ONE Tetris Block
Temp.VXCh=W3.get_parameter(5)/fbsize;
Temp.HYCh=W3.get_parameter(6)/fbsize;
Temp.tarr=(int**)malloc((Temp.VXCh)*sizeof(int));
for(i=0;i
for(j=0;j
// Drawing all the Windows
W1.draw_window();
W2.draw_window();
W3.draw_window();
W4.draw_window();
W5.draw_window();
W6.draw_window();
W7.draw_window();
// Writing String Entries in Windows
W2.putstring("Next Piece :",495,20);
W2.putstring("SCORE :",495,140);
W2.putstring("Tot. Lines Dest. :",495,210);
W2.putstring("Lines Rem. :",495,280);
W2.putstring("LEVEL :",495,350);
}
void Tetris :: gen_randshape(void)
{
SCode=random(7);
// Scode=0 --> L-Shape , Scode=1 --> InvL-Shape
// Scode=2 --> T-Shape , Scode=3 --> Z-Shape
// Scode=4 --> InvZ-Shape , Scode=5 --> I-Shape
// Scode=6 --> Sq-Shape
// Tcode=0 --> L1 , Tcode=1 --> L2 , Tcode=2 --> L3
// Tcode=3 --> L4 , Tcode=4 --> IL1 , Tcode=5 --> IL2
// Tcode=6 --> IL3 , Tcode=7 --> IL4 , Tcode=8 --> T1
// Tcode=9 --> T2 , Tcode=10 --> T3 , Tcode=11 --> T4
// Tcode=12 --> Z1 , Tcode=13 --> Z2 , Tcode=14 --> IZ1
// Tcode=15 --> IZ2 , Tcode=16 --> I1 , Tcode=17 --> I2
// Tcode=18 --> Sq
/*
NOTE:
1. TCode=0 --> L1 => Normal 'L' Shaped Block, i.e. '|_'
Give Anti-Clockwise Rotation to visualize L2, L3 & L4
2. TCode=4 --> IL1 => Inverted 'L' Shaped Block, i.e. '_|'
Give Anti-Clockwise Rotation to visualize IL2, IL3 & IL4
3. TCode=8 --> T1 => '_|_' Shaped Block
Give Anti-Clockwise Rotation to visualize T2, T3 & T4
_
4. TCode=12 -->Z1 => Normal 'Z' Shaped Block, i.e. ' |_'
Give Anti-Clockwise Rotation to visualize Z2
_
5. TCode=14 -->IZ1 => Inverted 'Z' Shaped Block, i.e. '_| '
Give Anti-Clockwise Rotation to visualize IZ2
6. TCode=16 -->I1 => Long Vertically Standing Block
7. TCode=17 -->I2 => Long Horizontally Sleeping Block
8. TCode=18 -->Sq => Sq Block consisting of 2 by 2 fundamental blocks
Each of the above 8 sets consist of 4 Fundamental Blocks
*/
switch(SCode)
{
case 0:
case 1:
case 2: PCode=random(4);TCode=4*SCode+PCode;break;
case 3: PCode=random(2);TCode=12+PCode;break;
case 4: PCode=random(2);TCode=14+PCode;break;
case 5: PCode=random(2);TCode=16+PCode;break;
case 6: PCode=0;TCode=18;
}
}
void Tetris :: draw_shape(int channel,int y,int DMode,Window *W)
{
if(TCode==18)
{
// Boxtype is 2Col by 2Rows (i.e. 2VXPix by 2HYPix)
boxtype=22;
// Drawing the 4 Blocks Logically
tarr[channel][y]=tarr[channel][y+1]=tarr[channel+1][y]=tarr[channel+1][y+1]=DMode;
}
else if(TCode==16)
{
// Boxtype is 1Col by 4Row (i.e. 1VXPix by 4HYPix)
boxtype=14;
// Drawing the 4 Blocks Logically
tarr[channel][y]=tarr[channel][y+1]=tarr[channel][y+2]=tarr[channel][y+3]=DMode;
}
else if(TCode==17)
{
// Boxtype is 4Col by 1Row (i.e. 4VXPix by 1HYPix)
boxtype=41;
// Drawing the 4 Blocks Logically
tarr[channel][y]=tarr[channel+1][y]=tarr[channel+2][y]=tarr[channel+3][y]=DMode;
}
else if(TCode==0||TCode==2||TCode==4||TCode==6||
TCode==9||TCode==11||TCode==13||TCode==15)
{
// Boxtype is 2Col by 3Rows (i.e. 2VXPix by 3HYPix)
boxtype=23;
if(TCode==0||TCode==6||TCode==9)
// Drawing the Common Blocks Logically
tarr[channel][y]=tarr[channel][y+1]=tarr[channel][y+2]=DMode;
else if(TCode==2||TCode==4||TCode==11)
// Drawing the Common Blocks Logically
tarr[channel+1][y]=tarr[channel+1][y+1]=tarr[channel+1][y+2]=DMode;
else if(TCode==13||TCode==15)
// Drawing the Common Blocks Logically
tarr[channel][y+1]=tarr[channel+1][y+1]=DMode;
}
else if(TCode==1||TCode==3||TCode==5||TCode==7||
TCode==8||TCode==10||TCode==12||TCode==14)
{
// Boxtype is 3Col by 2Rows (i.e. 3VXPix by 2HYPix)
boxtype=32;
if(TCode==1||TCode==7||TCode==8)
// Drawing the Common Blocks Logically
tarr[channel][y+1]=tarr[channel+1][y+1]=tarr[channel+2][y+1]=DMode;
else if(TCode==3||TCode==5||TCode==10)
// Drawing the Common Blocks Logically
tarr[channel][y]=tarr[channel+1][y]=tarr[channel+2][y]=DMode;
else if(TCode==12||TCode==14)
// Drawing the Common Blocks Logically
tarr[channel+1][y]=tarr[channel+1][y+1]=DMode;
}
// Drawing the Specialized Xtra Blocks Logically
switch(TCode)
{
case 0: tarr[channel+1][y+2]=DMode;break;
case 1: tarr[channel+2][y]=DMode;break;
case 2: tarr[channel][y]=DMode;break;
case 3: tarr[channel][y+1]=DMode;break;
case 4: tarr[channel][y+2]=DMode;break;
case 5: tarr[channel+2][y+1]=DMode;break;
case 6: tarr[channel+1][y]=DMode;break;
case 7: tarr[channel][y]=DMode;break;
case 8: tarr[channel+1][y]=DMode;break;
case 9: tarr[channel+1][y+1]=DMode;break;
case 10:tarr[channel+1][y+1]=DMode;break;
case 11:tarr[channel][y+1]=DMode;break;
case 12:tarr[channel][y]=DMode;tarr[channel+2][y+1]=DMode;break;
case 13:tarr[channel+1][y]=DMode;tarr[channel][y+2]=DMode;break;
case 14:tarr[channel][y+1]=DMode;tarr[channel+2][y]=DMode;break;
case 15:tarr[channel][y]=DMode;tarr[channel+1][y+2]=DMode;break;
}
// Actually Drawing it Graphically for Window W1
if(W==&W1)
{
for(int i=0;i
{
setcolor(YELLOW);
setlinestyle(0,0,1);
rectangle(fbsize*(i+1),fbsize*(j+1),fbsize*(i+2),fbsize*(j+2));
setfillstyle(1,tarr[i][j]);
floodfill(fbsize*(i+1)+1,fbsize*(j+1)+1,YELLOW);
}
}
else
{
for(int i=0;i
{
setcolor(YELLOW);
setlinestyle(0,0,1);
rectangle(fbsize*(i+51),fbsize*(j+4),fbsize*(i+52) ,fbsize*(j+5));
setfillstyle(1,tarr[i][j]);
floodfill(fbsize*(i+51)+1,fbsize*(j+4)+1,YELLOW);
}
}
}
int Tetris :: verify_vert_movement(int channel,int y)
{
if(TCode==18)
{
if(tarr[channel][y+2]!=EMPTY||tarr[channel+1][y+2]!=EMPTY)
return FALSE;
else
return TRUE;
}
else if(TCode==16)
{
if(tarr[channel][y+4]!=EMPTY)
return FALSE;
else
return TRUE;
}
else if(TCode==17)
{
if(tarr[channel][y+1]!=EMPTY||tarr[channel+1][y+1]!=EMPTY||tarr[channel+2][y+1]!=EMPTY||tarr[channel+3][y+1]!=EMPTY)
return FALSE;
else
return TRUE;
}
else if(TCode==0||TCode==2||TCode==4||TCode==6||
TCode==9||TCode==11||TCode==13||TCode==15)
{
if(TCode==0||TCode==6||TCode==9)
{
// Analysing the Common Blocks Logically
if(tarr[channel][y+3]!=EMPTY)
return FALSE;
}
else if(TCode==2||TCode==4||TCode==11)
{
// Analysing the Common Blocks Logically
if(tarr[channel+1][y+3]!=EMPTY)
return FALSE;
}
else if(TCode==13)
{
// Analysing the Blocks Logically
if(tarr[channel][y+3]!=EMPTY||tarr[channel+1][y+2]!=EMPTY)
return FALSE;
else
return TRUE;
}
else if(TCode==15)
{
// Analysing the Blocks Logically
if(tarr[channel][y+2]!=EMPTY||tarr[channel+1][y+3]!=EMPTY)
return FALSE;
else
return TRUE;
}
}
else if(TCode==1||TCode==3||TCode==5||TCode==7||
TCode==8||TCode==10||TCode==12||TCode==14)
{
if(TCode==1||TCode==7||TCode==8)
{
// Analysing the Common Blocks Logically
if(tarr[channel][y+2]!=EMPTY||tarr[channel+1][y+2]!=EMPTY||tarr[channel+2][y+2]!=EMPTY)
return FALSE;
else
return TRUE;
}
else if(TCode==12)
{
// Analysing the Blocks Logically
if(tarr[channel][y+1]!=EMPTY||tarr[channel+1][y+2]!=EMPTY||tarr[channel+2][y+2]!=EMPTY)
return FALSE;
else
return TRUE;
}
else if(TCode==14)
{
// Analysing the Blocks Logically
if(tarr[channel][y+2]!=EMPTY||tarr[channel+1][y+2]!=EMPTY||tarr[channel+2][y+1]!=EMPTY)
return FALSE;
else
return TRUE;
}
}
// Analysing the Specialized Xtra Blocks Logically
switch(TCode)
{
case 0: if(tarr[channel+1][y+3]!=EMPTY)return FALSE;break;
case 6: if(tarr[channel+1][y+1]!=EMPTY)return FALSE;break;
case 9: if(tarr[channel+1][y+2]!=EMPTY)return FALSE;break;
case 2: if(tarr[channel][y+1]!=EMPTY)return FALSE;break;
case 4: if(tarr[channel][y+3]!=EMPTY)return FALSE;break;
case 11:if(tarr[channel][y+2]!=EMPTY)return FALSE;break;
case 3: if(tarr[channel][y+2]!=EMPTY||tarr[channel+1][y+1]!=EMPTY||tarr[channel+2][y+1]!=EMPTY)return FALSE;break;
case 5: if(tarr[channel][y+1]!=EMPTY||tarr[channel+1][y+1]!=EMPTY||tarr[channel+2][y+2]!=EMPTY)return FALSE;break;
case 10:if(tarr[channel][y+1]!=EMPTY||tarr[channel+1][y+2]!=EMPTY||tarr[channel+2][y+1]!=EMPTY)return FALSE;//break;
}
return TRUE;
}
// Main Prog :
void main()
{
//Seeding the Random Number Generator
randomize();
Tetris T;
printf("\n\nWelcome to Tetris \n\n");
printf("\n\nThis Demo is a glimpse into a preliminary Version and just shows the Movement of Various Tetris Pieces along the Tetris Play Space\n\n");
printf("\n\nUser I/P is NOT Expected\n\n");
printf("\n\n\nPress ENTER to goto Graphics Mode and See the DEMO\n\n\n");
getch();clrscr();
T.regulate_play();
getch();
}
สร้างเกม PONG ในภาษา C แบบ 2
/* Program for a basic 2 player Pong match with no specialized shot/bounce physics */
/*
Programmed By:
Rajiv Iyer,
T.E. Computers,
SIES GST, Nerul
*/
/* SOURCE CODE */
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#define BARSIZE 4
#define DEFRAD 10
#define DEFDELAY 20
#define LONGDELAY 1500
#define HFSND 70000
#define DEFPENALTY 50
#define DEFREWARD 25
/* Global Variables */
// Symbolic Constants
const int BARYCH=10;
const int DXCH=3,DYCH=3;
const int TRUE=1,FALSE=0;
const int FWD=0,BCK=1,UP=0,DWN=1;
const int LEFT=1,RIGHT=2,TOP=3,BOTTOM=4;
// Other Variables
int gd,gm,MAXX,MAXY;
int bounce=TRUE,cuttingbound;
int linecol,fillcol;
/* Structure Declaration */
struct Player
{
int num;
int bar[BARSIZE];
int points;
int returned,missed;
}P1,P2;
struct Sphere
{
int xinst,yinst;
int xdir,ydir;
int radius;
}Ball;
/* Function Prototypes */
void instructions(void);
void initGraphics(void);
void testResolution(void);
void moveBall(void);
int testBoundary(void);
int keyhit(void);
void rebound(void);
void drawBall(void);
void drawUserBars(void);
void pauseMenu(void);
void displayStats(void);
void main()
{
testResolution();
instructions();
moveBall();
}
void instructions(void)
{
clrscr();
printf("Welcome to the Basic 2D Tennis Program!");
printf("\n\nKeys for User I :-\n");
printf("MOVE BAR UP : 'W' or 'w'\n");
printf("MOVE BAR DOWN : 'S' or 's'\n");
printf("\n\nKeys for User II :-\n");
printf("MOVE BAR UP : 'P' or 'p'\n");
printf("MOVE BAR DOWN : 'L' or 'l'\n");
printf("\n\nCommon Keys:\n");
printf("Terminate Game : 'T' or 't'\n");
printf("Halt/Pause Game : 'H' or 'h'\n");
printf("\n\nAll Keys are Case Insensitive!");
printf("\n\n\nPress Any Key to Enter Graphics Mode & PLAY ! ..... ");
getch();
}
void initGraphics(void)
{
int error;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"\\TC\\BGI");
error=graphresult();
if(error!=grOk)
{
printf("\n\n\aGRAPHICS ERROR! Error Code : %d",error);
getch();exit(1);
}
}
void testResolution(void)
{
clrscr();
printf("Testing System Resolution! Press Any Key to enter Graphics Mode ....");
getch();
initGraphics();
MAXX=getmaxx();
MAXY=getmaxy();
closegraph();
printf("System Resolution Detected!\n");
printf("\nHORIZONTAL PIXEL SPAN : %d (0 to %d)",MAXX+1,MAXX);
printf("\nVERTICAL PIXEL SPAN : %d (0 to %d)",MAXY+1,MAXY);
getch();
clrscr();
}
void moveBall(void)
{
// Seeding Random Number Generator
randomize();
// Initializing the Graphics Mode
initGraphics();
// Initializing the Position of the Two Player Bars
P1.bar[0]=20 ; P1.bar[1]=200; P1.bar[2]=30 ; P1.bar[3]=280;
P2.bar[0]=610; P2.bar[1]=200; P2.bar[2]=620; P2.bar[3]=280;
// Initializing the Marks Tally of Both Players to Zero
P1.points=P2.points=0;
P1.returned=P2.returned=0;
P1.missed=P2.missed=0;
// Initializing the Position of the Ball
Ball.xinst=MAXX/2;
Ball.yinst=MAXY/2;
Ball.radius=DEFRAD;
// Randomizing the Initial Direction of Travel of Ball
Ball.xdir=random(2);
Ball.ydir=random(2);
// Iterating Till Either User Hits TERMINATE(T) Key
while(!keyhit())
{
if(testBoundary())
{
// Drawing the Ball
cleardevice();
//setfillstyle(1,0);
//bar(0,0,640,480);
drawBall();
drawUserBars();
delay(DEFDELAY);
// Making Changes
if(Ball.xdir==FWD)
Ball.xinst+=DXCH;
else
Ball.xinst-=DXCH;
if(Ball.ydir==UP)
Ball.yinst-=DYCH;
else
Ball.yinst+=DYCH;
}
else
rebound();
}
closegraph();
displayStats();
}
int keyhit(void)
{
int i;
char uch,tempch;
if(kbhit())
{
uch=getch();
switch(uch)
{
case 't':
case 'T':
// The TERMINATE (T) Key was hit - so Returning True
return TRUE;
case 'w':
case 'W':
// The UP-Direction Key for Player I has been pressed
// Testing Whether Player Bar goes out of window with such a move
if(P1.bar[1]-BARYCH<0)
{
//sound(HFSND);
//nosound();
}
else
{
for(i=1;i P1.bar[i]-=BARYCH;
}
return FALSE;
case 's':
case 'S':
// The DOWN-Direction Key for Player I has been pressed
// Testing Whether Player Bar goes out of window with such a move
if(P1.bar[3]+BARYCH>MAXY)
{
//sound(HFSND);
//nosound();
}
else
{
for(i=1;i P1.bar[i]+=BARYCH;
}
return FALSE;
case 'p':
case 'P':
// The UP-Direction Key for Player II has been pressed
// Testing Whether Player Bar goes out of window with such a move
if(P2.bar[1]-BARYCH<0)
{
//sound(HFSND);
//nosound();
}
else
{
for(i=1;i P2.bar[i]-=BARYCH;
}
return FALSE;
case 'l':
case 'L':
// The DOWN-Direction Key for Player II has been pressed
// Testing Whether Player Bar goes out of window with such a move
if(P2.bar[3]+BARYCH>MAXY)
{
//sound(HFSND);
//nosound();
}
else
{
for(i=1;i P2.bar[i]+=BARYCH;
}
return FALSE;
case 'h':
case 'H':
//do{
pauseMenu();
//tempch=getch();
//}while(tempch!='h' && tempch!='H');
return FALSE;
default:
return FALSE;
}
}
else
return FALSE;
}
int testBoundary(void)
{
if(bounce==TRUE)
return TRUE;
else
{
if((Ball.xinst+Ball.radius)>=MAXX || (Ball.xinst-Ball.radius)<=0)
{
if((Ball.xinst+Ball.radius)>=MAXX)
{
cuttingbound=RIGHT;
// Player 2 misses Shot => Hence Deducting Points
P2.points-=DEFPENALTY;
P2.missed++;
}
else if((Ball.xinst-Ball.radius)<=0)
{
cuttingbound=LEFT;
// Player 1 misses Shot => Hence Deducting Points
P1.points-=DEFPENALTY;
P1.missed++;
}
// Resetting Ball to Center of Screen
Ball.xinst=MAXX/2;
Ball.yinst=MAXY/2;
// Randomizing the Initial Direction of Travel
Ball.xdir=random(2);
Ball.ydir=random(2);
// Delaying for Short Period before Graphically Resetting
delay(LONGDELAY);
return TRUE;
}
else if((Ball.yinst+Ball.radius)>=MAXY || (Ball.yinst-Ball.radius)<=0)
{
if((Ball.yinst+Ball.radius)>=MAXY)
cuttingbound=BOTTOM;
else if((Ball.yinst-Ball.radius)<=0)
cuttingbound=TOP;
return FALSE;
}
else if((Ball.xinst+Ball.radius)>=P2.bar[0] && (Ball.yinst>P2.bar[1] && Ball.yinst {
cuttingbound=RIGHT;
// Player 2 Returns Shot Successfully => Hence Rewarding Points
P2.points+=DEFREWARD;
P2.returned++;
return FALSE;
}
else if((Ball.xinst-Ball.radius)<=P1.bar[2] && (Ball.yinst>P1.bar[1] && Ball.yinst {
cuttingbound=LEFT;
// Player 1 Returns Shot Successfully => Hence Rewarding Points
P1.points+=DEFREWARD;
P1.returned++;
return FALSE;
}
else
return TRUE;
}
}
void rebound(void)
{
bounce=TRUE;
switch(cuttingbound)
{
case LEFT:Ball.xdir=FWD;break;
case RIGHT:Ball.xdir=BCK;break;
case TOP:Ball.ydir=DWN;break;
case BOTTOM:Ball.ydir=UP;break;
}
}
void drawBall(void)
{
if(bounce==TRUE)
{
bounce=FALSE;
//do{
linecol=(15);
fillcol=(15);
//}while(linecol==BLACK || fillcol==BLACK || linecol==fillcol);
}
setcolor(linecol);
circle(Ball.xinst,Ball.yinst,Ball.radius);
setfillstyle(1,fillcol);
floodfill(Ball.xinst,Ball.yinst,linecol);
}
void drawUserBars(void)
{
// Drawing Player I Bar
setcolor(linecol);
rectangle(P1.bar[0],P1.bar[1],P1.bar[2],P1.bar[3]);
setfillstyle(1,fillcol);
floodfill(P1.bar[0]+5,P1.bar[1]+5,linecol);
// Drawing Player I Bar
setcolor(linecol);
rectangle(P2.bar[0],P2.bar[1],P2.bar[2],P2.bar[3]);
setfillstyle(1,fillcol);
floodfill(P2.bar[0]+5,P2.bar[1]+5,linecol);
}
void pauseMenu(void)
{
char pch;
do{
settextstyle(TRIPLEX_FONT,HORIZ_DIR,3);
outtextxy(150,100,"1. Resume Game");
outtextxy(150,200,"2. Display Statistics");
outtextxy(150,300,"3. Controls");
pch=getch();
switch(pch)
{
case '1':
break;
case '2':
closegraph();
displayStats();
initGraphics();
break;
case '3':
closegraph();
instructions();
initGraphics();
break;
default:
printf("\n\n\aInvalid Choice!\n\n\a");
}
}while(pch!='1');
}
void displayStats(void)
{
// Printing All Collected Statistics
printf("Statistics Score-Card :\n");
printf("\n\nFor User I :\nShots Taken : %d\nShots Missed : %d\nTotal Score : %d",P1.returned,P1.missed,P1.points);
printf("\n\nFor User II :\nShots Taken : %d\nShots Missed : %d\nTotal Score : %d",P2.returned,P2.missed,P2.points);
printf("\n\n\nWINNER : ");
if(P1.points>P2.points)
printf("Player I !!");
else if(P1.points printf("Player II !!");
else
printf("Undeterminable !!");
getch();
}
/*
Programmed By:
Rajiv Iyer,
T.E. Computers,
SIES GST, Nerul
*/
/* SOURCE CODE */
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#define BARSIZE 4
#define DEFRAD 10
#define DEFDELAY 20
#define LONGDELAY 1500
#define HFSND 70000
#define DEFPENALTY 50
#define DEFREWARD 25
/* Global Variables */
// Symbolic Constants
const int BARYCH=10;
const int DXCH=3,DYCH=3;
const int TRUE=1,FALSE=0;
const int FWD=0,BCK=1,UP=0,DWN=1;
const int LEFT=1,RIGHT=2,TOP=3,BOTTOM=4;
// Other Variables
int gd,gm,MAXX,MAXY;
int bounce=TRUE,cuttingbound;
int linecol,fillcol;
/* Structure Declaration */
struct Player
{
int num;
int bar[BARSIZE];
int points;
int returned,missed;
}P1,P2;
struct Sphere
{
int xinst,yinst;
int xdir,ydir;
int radius;
}Ball;
/* Function Prototypes */
void instructions(void);
void initGraphics(void);
void testResolution(void);
void moveBall(void);
int testBoundary(void);
int keyhit(void);
void rebound(void);
void drawBall(void);
void drawUserBars(void);
void pauseMenu(void);
void displayStats(void);
void main()
{
testResolution();
instructions();
moveBall();
}
void instructions(void)
{
clrscr();
printf("Welcome to the Basic 2D Tennis Program!");
printf("\n\nKeys for User I :-\n");
printf("MOVE BAR UP : 'W' or 'w'\n");
printf("MOVE BAR DOWN : 'S' or 's'\n");
printf("\n\nKeys for User II :-\n");
printf("MOVE BAR UP : 'P' or 'p'\n");
printf("MOVE BAR DOWN : 'L' or 'l'\n");
printf("\n\nCommon Keys:\n");
printf("Terminate Game : 'T' or 't'\n");
printf("Halt/Pause Game : 'H' or 'h'\n");
printf("\n\nAll Keys are Case Insensitive!");
printf("\n\n\nPress Any Key to Enter Graphics Mode & PLAY ! ..... ");
getch();
}
void initGraphics(void)
{
int error;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"\\TC\\BGI");
error=graphresult();
if(error!=grOk)
{
printf("\n\n\aGRAPHICS ERROR! Error Code : %d",error);
getch();exit(1);
}
}
void testResolution(void)
{
clrscr();
printf("Testing System Resolution! Press Any Key to enter Graphics Mode ....");
getch();
initGraphics();
MAXX=getmaxx();
MAXY=getmaxy();
closegraph();
printf("System Resolution Detected!\n");
printf("\nHORIZONTAL PIXEL SPAN : %d (0 to %d)",MAXX+1,MAXX);
printf("\nVERTICAL PIXEL SPAN : %d (0 to %d)",MAXY+1,MAXY);
getch();
clrscr();
}
void moveBall(void)
{
// Seeding Random Number Generator
randomize();
// Initializing the Graphics Mode
initGraphics();
// Initializing the Position of the Two Player Bars
P1.bar[0]=20 ; P1.bar[1]=200; P1.bar[2]=30 ; P1.bar[3]=280;
P2.bar[0]=610; P2.bar[1]=200; P2.bar[2]=620; P2.bar[3]=280;
// Initializing the Marks Tally of Both Players to Zero
P1.points=P2.points=0;
P1.returned=P2.returned=0;
P1.missed=P2.missed=0;
// Initializing the Position of the Ball
Ball.xinst=MAXX/2;
Ball.yinst=MAXY/2;
Ball.radius=DEFRAD;
// Randomizing the Initial Direction of Travel of Ball
Ball.xdir=random(2);
Ball.ydir=random(2);
// Iterating Till Either User Hits TERMINATE(T) Key
while(!keyhit())
{
if(testBoundary())
{
// Drawing the Ball
cleardevice();
//setfillstyle(1,0);
//bar(0,0,640,480);
drawBall();
drawUserBars();
delay(DEFDELAY);
// Making Changes
if(Ball.xdir==FWD)
Ball.xinst+=DXCH;
else
Ball.xinst-=DXCH;
if(Ball.ydir==UP)
Ball.yinst-=DYCH;
else
Ball.yinst+=DYCH;
}
else
rebound();
}
closegraph();
displayStats();
}
int keyhit(void)
{
int i;
char uch,tempch;
if(kbhit())
{
uch=getch();
switch(uch)
{
case 't':
case 'T':
// The TERMINATE (T) Key was hit - so Returning True
return TRUE;
case 'w':
case 'W':
// The UP-Direction Key for Player I has been pressed
// Testing Whether Player Bar goes out of window with such a move
if(P1.bar[1]-BARYCH<0)
{
//sound(HFSND);
//nosound();
}
else
{
for(i=1;i
}
return FALSE;
case 's':
case 'S':
// The DOWN-Direction Key for Player I has been pressed
// Testing Whether Player Bar goes out of window with such a move
if(P1.bar[3]+BARYCH>MAXY)
{
//sound(HFSND);
//nosound();
}
else
{
for(i=1;i
}
return FALSE;
case 'p':
case 'P':
// The UP-Direction Key for Player II has been pressed
// Testing Whether Player Bar goes out of window with such a move
if(P2.bar[1]-BARYCH<0)
{
//sound(HFSND);
//nosound();
}
else
{
for(i=1;i
}
return FALSE;
case 'l':
case 'L':
// The DOWN-Direction Key for Player II has been pressed
// Testing Whether Player Bar goes out of window with such a move
if(P2.bar[3]+BARYCH>MAXY)
{
//sound(HFSND);
//nosound();
}
else
{
for(i=1;i
}
return FALSE;
case 'h':
case 'H':
//do{
pauseMenu();
//tempch=getch();
//}while(tempch!='h' && tempch!='H');
return FALSE;
default:
return FALSE;
}
}
else
return FALSE;
}
int testBoundary(void)
{
if(bounce==TRUE)
return TRUE;
else
{
if((Ball.xinst+Ball.radius)>=MAXX || (Ball.xinst-Ball.radius)<=0)
{
if((Ball.xinst+Ball.radius)>=MAXX)
{
cuttingbound=RIGHT;
// Player 2 misses Shot => Hence Deducting Points
P2.points-=DEFPENALTY;
P2.missed++;
}
else if((Ball.xinst-Ball.radius)<=0)
{
cuttingbound=LEFT;
// Player 1 misses Shot => Hence Deducting Points
P1.points-=DEFPENALTY;
P1.missed++;
}
// Resetting Ball to Center of Screen
Ball.xinst=MAXX/2;
Ball.yinst=MAXY/2;
// Randomizing the Initial Direction of Travel
Ball.xdir=random(2);
Ball.ydir=random(2);
// Delaying for Short Period before Graphically Resetting
delay(LONGDELAY);
return TRUE;
}
else if((Ball.yinst+Ball.radius)>=MAXY || (Ball.yinst-Ball.radius)<=0)
{
if((Ball.yinst+Ball.radius)>=MAXY)
cuttingbound=BOTTOM;
else if((Ball.yinst-Ball.radius)<=0)
cuttingbound=TOP;
return FALSE;
}
else if((Ball.xinst+Ball.radius)>=P2.bar[0] && (Ball.yinst>P2.bar[1] && Ball.yinst
cuttingbound=RIGHT;
// Player 2 Returns Shot Successfully => Hence Rewarding Points
P2.points+=DEFREWARD;
P2.returned++;
return FALSE;
}
else if((Ball.xinst-Ball.radius)<=P1.bar[2] && (Ball.yinst>P1.bar[1] && Ball.yinst
cuttingbound=LEFT;
// Player 1 Returns Shot Successfully => Hence Rewarding Points
P1.points+=DEFREWARD;
P1.returned++;
return FALSE;
}
else
return TRUE;
}
}
void rebound(void)
{
bounce=TRUE;
switch(cuttingbound)
{
case LEFT:Ball.xdir=FWD;break;
case RIGHT:Ball.xdir=BCK;break;
case TOP:Ball.ydir=DWN;break;
case BOTTOM:Ball.ydir=UP;break;
}
}
void drawBall(void)
{
if(bounce==TRUE)
{
bounce=FALSE;
//do{
linecol=(15);
fillcol=(15);
//}while(linecol==BLACK || fillcol==BLACK || linecol==fillcol);
}
setcolor(linecol);
circle(Ball.xinst,Ball.yinst,Ball.radius);
setfillstyle(1,fillcol);
floodfill(Ball.xinst,Ball.yinst,linecol);
}
void drawUserBars(void)
{
// Drawing Player I Bar
setcolor(linecol);
rectangle(P1.bar[0],P1.bar[1],P1.bar[2],P1.bar[3]);
setfillstyle(1,fillcol);
floodfill(P1.bar[0]+5,P1.bar[1]+5,linecol);
// Drawing Player I Bar
setcolor(linecol);
rectangle(P2.bar[0],P2.bar[1],P2.bar[2],P2.bar[3]);
setfillstyle(1,fillcol);
floodfill(P2.bar[0]+5,P2.bar[1]+5,linecol);
}
void pauseMenu(void)
{
char pch;
do{
settextstyle(TRIPLEX_FONT,HORIZ_DIR,3);
outtextxy(150,100,"1. Resume Game");
outtextxy(150,200,"2. Display Statistics");
outtextxy(150,300,"3. Controls");
pch=getch();
switch(pch)
{
case '1':
break;
case '2':
closegraph();
displayStats();
initGraphics();
break;
case '3':
closegraph();
instructions();
initGraphics();
break;
default:
printf("\n\n\aInvalid Choice!\n\n\a");
}
}while(pch!='1');
}
void displayStats(void)
{
// Printing All Collected Statistics
printf("Statistics Score-Card :\n");
printf("\n\nFor User I :\nShots Taken : %d\nShots Missed : %d\nTotal Score : %d",P1.returned,P1.missed,P1.points);
printf("\n\nFor User II :\nShots Taken : %d\nShots Missed : %d\nTotal Score : %d",P2.returned,P2.missed,P2.points);
printf("\n\n\nWINNER : ");
if(P1.points>P2.points)
printf("Player I !!");
else if(P1.points
else
printf("Undeterminable !!");
getch();
}
สร้างเกม PONG ในภาษา C
/* SOURCE CODE */
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#define DEFDELAY 5
/* Global Variables */
// Symbolic Constants
const int xincr=1,yincr=1;
const int TRUE=1,FALSE=0;
const int FWD=0,BCK=1,UP=0,DWN=1;
const int LEFT=1,RIGHT=2,TOP=3,BOTTOM=4;
// Other Variables
int gd,gm,MAXX,MAXY;
int xstart,ystart,ballrad;
int xinst,yinst;
int xdir,ydir,cuttingbound;
int bounce=TRUE,linecol,fillcol;
/* Function Prototypes */
void initgraphics(void);
void testresolution(void);
void moveball(void);
int testboundary(void);
void rebound(void);
void drawball(void);
void showimpact(void);
void main()
{
testresolution();
printf("Please Enter XY Co-Ordinates of Starting Point : ");
scanf("%d%d",&xstart,&ystart);
printf("\n\nEnter the Size of Ball (Radius) : ");
scanf("%d",&ballrad);
printf("\n\n\nPress Any Key to Enter Graphics Mode ..... ");
getch();
moveball();
}
void initgraphics(void)
{
int error;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"\\TC\\BGI");
error=graphresult();
if(error!=grOk)
{
printf("\n\n\aGRAPHICS ERROR! Error Code : %d",error);
getch();exit(1);
}
}
void testresolution(void)
{
clrscr();
printf("Testing System Resolution! Press Any Key to enter Graphics Mode ....");
getch();
initgraphics();
MAXX=getmaxx();
MAXY=getmaxy();
closegraph();
printf("System Resolution Detected!\n");
printf("\nHORIZONTAL PIXEL SPAN : %d (0 to %d)",MAXX+1,MAXX);
printf("\nVERTICAL PIXEL SPAN : %d (0 to %d)",MAXY+1,MAXY);
getch();
clrscr();
}
void moveball(void)
{
// Seeding Random Number Generator
randomize();
// Initializing the Graphics Mode
initgraphics();
// Initializing the Position of the Ball
xinst=xstart;
yinst=ystart;
// Iterating Till User Hits a Key
xdir=random(2);
ydir=random(2);
while(!kbhit())
{
if(testboundary())
{
// Drawing the Ball
cleardevice();
drawball();
delay(DEFDELAY);
// Making Changes
if(xdir==FWD)
xinst+=xincr;
else
xinst-=xincr;
if(ydir==UP)
yinst-=yincr;
else
yinst+=yincr;
}
else
rebound();
}
closegraph();
}
int testboundary(void)
{
if(bounce==TRUE)
return TRUE;
else
{
if((xinst+ballrad)>=MAXX || (xinst-ballrad)<=0 ||
(yinst+ballrad)>=MAXY || (yinst-ballrad)<=0)
{
if((xinst+ballrad)>=MAXX)
cuttingbound=RIGHT;
else if((xinst-ballrad)<=0)
cuttingbound=LEFT;
else if((yinst+ballrad)>=MAXY)
cuttingbound=BOTTOM;
else
cuttingbound=TOP;
return FALSE;
}
else
return TRUE;
}
}
void rebound(void)
{
bounce=TRUE;
switch(cuttingbound)
{
case LEFT:xdir=FWD;break;
case RIGHT:xdir=BCK;break;
case TOP:ydir=DWN;break;
case BOTTOM:ydir=UP;break;
}
}
void drawball(void)
{
if(bounce==TRUE)
{
bounce=FALSE;
do{
linecol=random(15);
fillcol=random(15);
}while(linecol==BLACK || fillcol==BLACK || linecol==fillcol);
}
setcolor(linecol);
circle(xinst,yinst,ballrad);
setfillstyle(1,fillcol);
floodfill(xinst,yinst,linecol);
}
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#define DEFDELAY 5
/* Global Variables */
// Symbolic Constants
const int xincr=1,yincr=1;
const int TRUE=1,FALSE=0;
const int FWD=0,BCK=1,UP=0,DWN=1;
const int LEFT=1,RIGHT=2,TOP=3,BOTTOM=4;
// Other Variables
int gd,gm,MAXX,MAXY;
int xstart,ystart,ballrad;
int xinst,yinst;
int xdir,ydir,cuttingbound;
int bounce=TRUE,linecol,fillcol;
/* Function Prototypes */
void initgraphics(void);
void testresolution(void);
void moveball(void);
int testboundary(void);
void rebound(void);
void drawball(void);
void showimpact(void);
void main()
{
testresolution();
printf("Please Enter XY Co-Ordinates of Starting Point : ");
scanf("%d%d",&xstart,&ystart);
printf("\n\nEnter the Size of Ball (Radius) : ");
scanf("%d",&ballrad);
printf("\n\n\nPress Any Key to Enter Graphics Mode ..... ");
getch();
moveball();
}
void initgraphics(void)
{
int error;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"\\TC\\BGI");
error=graphresult();
if(error!=grOk)
{
printf("\n\n\aGRAPHICS ERROR! Error Code : %d",error);
getch();exit(1);
}
}
void testresolution(void)
{
clrscr();
printf("Testing System Resolution! Press Any Key to enter Graphics Mode ....");
getch();
initgraphics();
MAXX=getmaxx();
MAXY=getmaxy();
closegraph();
printf("System Resolution Detected!\n");
printf("\nHORIZONTAL PIXEL SPAN : %d (0 to %d)",MAXX+1,MAXX);
printf("\nVERTICAL PIXEL SPAN : %d (0 to %d)",MAXY+1,MAXY);
getch();
clrscr();
}
void moveball(void)
{
// Seeding Random Number Generator
randomize();
// Initializing the Graphics Mode
initgraphics();
// Initializing the Position of the Ball
xinst=xstart;
yinst=ystart;
// Iterating Till User Hits a Key
xdir=random(2);
ydir=random(2);
while(!kbhit())
{
if(testboundary())
{
// Drawing the Ball
cleardevice();
drawball();
delay(DEFDELAY);
// Making Changes
if(xdir==FWD)
xinst+=xincr;
else
xinst-=xincr;
if(ydir==UP)
yinst-=yincr;
else
yinst+=yincr;
}
else
rebound();
}
closegraph();
}
int testboundary(void)
{
if(bounce==TRUE)
return TRUE;
else
{
if((xinst+ballrad)>=MAXX || (xinst-ballrad)<=0 ||
(yinst+ballrad)>=MAXY || (yinst-ballrad)<=0)
{
if((xinst+ballrad)>=MAXX)
cuttingbound=RIGHT;
else if((xinst-ballrad)<=0)
cuttingbound=LEFT;
else if((yinst+ballrad)>=MAXY)
cuttingbound=BOTTOM;
else
cuttingbound=TOP;
return FALSE;
}
else
return TRUE;
}
}
void rebound(void)
{
bounce=TRUE;
switch(cuttingbound)
{
case LEFT:xdir=FWD;break;
case RIGHT:xdir=BCK;break;
case TOP:ydir=DWN;break;
case BOTTOM:ydir=UP;break;
}
}
void drawball(void)
{
if(bounce==TRUE)
{
bounce=FALSE;
do{
linecol=random(15);
fillcol=random(15);
}while(linecol==BLACK || fillcol==BLACK || linecol==fillcol);
}
setcolor(linecol);
circle(xinst,yinst,ballrad);
setfillstyle(1,fillcol);
floodfill(xinst,yinst,linecol);
}
เปิดไฟล์ เสียง WAV 8 BIT ในภาษาซี
#include "ALLOC.H"
#include "DOS.H"
#include "CONIO.H"
#include "STDIO.H"
void playwav (char wavefile[14], float delaytime );
int ResetDSP(unsigned int Test);
void main()
{
char *name;
printf("Enter the file name...:");
scanf("%s",name);
playwav(name,1.0);
}
void playwav(char wavefile[14],float delaytime);
struct WaveData {
unsigned int SoundLength, Frequency;
char *Sample;
};
struct HeaderType {
long RIFF; //RIFF header
char NI1 [18]; //not important
unsigned int Channels; //channels 1 = mono; 2 = stereo
long Frequency; //sample frequency
char NI2 [6]; //not important
char BitRes; //bit resolution 8/16 bit
char NI3 [12]; //not important
} Header;
struct WaveData Voice; //Pointer to wave file
unsigned int Base; //Sound Blaster base address
char WaveFile [25]; //File name for the wave file to be
//played
// Checks to see if a Sound Blaster exists at a given address, returns
// true if Sound Blaster found, false if not.
int ResetDSP(unsigned int Test)
{
//Reset the DSP
outportb (Test + 0x6, 1);
delay(10);
outportb (Test + 0x6, 0);
delay(10);
//Check if (reset was succesfull
if ((inportb(Test + 0xE) & 0x80 == 0x80) && (inportb(Test + 0xA) ==
0xAA))
{
//DSP was found
Base = Test;
return (1);
}
else
//No DSP was found
return (0);
}
// Send a byte to the DSP (Digital Signal Processor) on the Sound
//Blaster
void WriteDSP(unsigned char Value)
{
//Wait for the DSP to be ready to accept data
while ((inportb(Base + 0xC) & 0x80) == 0x80);
//Send byte
outportb (Base + 0xC, Value);
}
// Plays a part of the memory
void PlayBack (struct WaveData *Wave)
{
long LinearAddress;
unsigned int Page, OffSet;
unsigned char TimeConstant;
TimeConstant = (65536 - (256000000 / Wave->Frequency)) >> 8;
WriteDSP(0x40); //DSP-command 40h - Set sample
//frequency
WriteDSP(TimeConstant); //Write time constant
//Convert pointer to linear address
LinearAddress = FP_SEG (Wave->Sample);
LinearAddress = (LinearAddress << 4) + FP_OFF (Wave->Sample);
Page = LinearAddress >> 16; //Calculate page
OffSet = LinearAddress & 0xFFFF; //Calculate offset in the page
/*
Note - this procedure only works with DMA channel 1
*/
outportb (0x0A, 5); //Mask DMA channel 1
outportb (0x0C, 0); //Clear byte pointer
outportb (0x0B, 0x49); //Set mode
/*
The mode consists of the following:
0x49 = binary 01 00 10 01
| | | |
| | | +- DMA channel 01
| | +---- Read operation (the DSP reads from
memory)
| +------- Single cycle mode
+---------- Block mode
*/
outportb (0x02, OffSet & 0x100); //Write the offset to the DMA
//controller
outportb (0x02, OffSet >> 8);
outportb (0x83, Page); //Write the page to the DMA
//controller
outportb (0x03, Wave->SoundLength & 0x100);
outportb (0x03, Wave->SoundLength >> 8);
outportb (0x0A, 1); //Unmask DMA channel
WriteDSP(0x14); // DSP-command 14h - Single cycle
//playback
WriteDSP(Wave->SoundLength & 0xFF);
WriteDSP(Wave->SoundLength >> 8);
}
// Loads a wave file into memory.
// This procedure expects a _very_ standard wave header.
// It doesn't perform much error checking.
int LoadVoice (struct WaveData *Voice, char *FileName)
{
FILE *WAVFile;
//If it can't be opened...
WAVFile = fopen(FileName, "rb");
if (WAVFile == NULL) {
//..display error message
return (0);
}
//Return length of file for sound length minus 48 bytes for .WAV
//header
fseek(WAVFile, 0L, SEEK_END);
Voice->SoundLength = ftell (WAVFile) - 48;
fseek(WAVFile, 0L, SEEK_SET);
//Check RIFF header
if (Voice->SoundLength > 32000) {
if (Voice->SoundLength > 64000) {
Voice->SoundLength = 64000;
}
}
free(Voice->Sample);
Voice->Sample = (char *)malloc(Voice->SoundLength); //Assign memory
if (!Voice->Sample) {
return (0);
}
//Load the sample data
fread(&Header, 46, 1, WAVFile);
//Check RIFF header
if (Header.RIFF != 0x46464952) {
printf ("Not a wave file");
return (0);
}
//Check channels
if (Header.Channels != 1) {
printf ("Not a mono wave file");
return (0);
}
//Check bit resolution
if (Header.BitRes != 8) {
printf ("Not an 8-bit wave file");
return (0);
}
Voice->Frequency = Header.Frequency;
//Load the sample data
fread(Voice->Sample, Voice->SoundLength + 2, 1, WAVFile);
fclose (WAVFile); //Close the file
return (1);
}
void playwav (char wavefile[14], float delaytime )
{
delaytime=1.0;
if (ResetDSP (0x220)) {
//at 220h
printf ("");
} else {
if (ResetDSP (0x240)) {
//at 240h
printf ("");
} else {
//or none at all
printf ("");
return;
}
}
//Load wave file
if (LoadVoice (&Voice, wavefile)) {
//Start playback
PlayBack (&Voice);
delay(delaytime*1000);
//Stops DMA-transfer
WriteDSP (0xD0);
}
}
#include "DOS.H"
#include "CONIO.H"
#include "STDIO.H"
void playwav (char wavefile[14], float delaytime );
int ResetDSP(unsigned int Test);
void main()
{
char *name;
printf("Enter the file name...:");
scanf("%s",name);
playwav(name,1.0);
}
void playwav(char wavefile[14],float delaytime);
struct WaveData {
unsigned int SoundLength, Frequency;
char *Sample;
};
struct HeaderType {
long RIFF; //RIFF header
char NI1 [18]; //not important
unsigned int Channels; //channels 1 = mono; 2 = stereo
long Frequency; //sample frequency
char NI2 [6]; //not important
char BitRes; //bit resolution 8/16 bit
char NI3 [12]; //not important
} Header;
struct WaveData Voice; //Pointer to wave file
unsigned int Base; //Sound Blaster base address
char WaveFile [25]; //File name for the wave file to be
//played
// Checks to see if a Sound Blaster exists at a given address, returns
// true if Sound Blaster found, false if not.
int ResetDSP(unsigned int Test)
{
//Reset the DSP
outportb (Test + 0x6, 1);
delay(10);
outportb (Test + 0x6, 0);
delay(10);
//Check if (reset was succesfull
if ((inportb(Test + 0xE) & 0x80 == 0x80) && (inportb(Test + 0xA) ==
0xAA))
{
//DSP was found
Base = Test;
return (1);
}
else
//No DSP was found
return (0);
}
// Send a byte to the DSP (Digital Signal Processor) on the Sound
//Blaster
void WriteDSP(unsigned char Value)
{
//Wait for the DSP to be ready to accept data
while ((inportb(Base + 0xC) & 0x80) == 0x80);
//Send byte
outportb (Base + 0xC, Value);
}
// Plays a part of the memory
void PlayBack (struct WaveData *Wave)
{
long LinearAddress;
unsigned int Page, OffSet;
unsigned char TimeConstant;
TimeConstant = (65536 - (256000000 / Wave->Frequency)) >> 8;
WriteDSP(0x40); //DSP-command 40h - Set sample
//frequency
WriteDSP(TimeConstant); //Write time constant
//Convert pointer to linear address
LinearAddress = FP_SEG (Wave->Sample);
LinearAddress = (LinearAddress << 4) + FP_OFF (Wave->Sample);
Page = LinearAddress >> 16; //Calculate page
OffSet = LinearAddress & 0xFFFF; //Calculate offset in the page
/*
Note - this procedure only works with DMA channel 1
*/
outportb (0x0A, 5); //Mask DMA channel 1
outportb (0x0C, 0); //Clear byte pointer
outportb (0x0B, 0x49); //Set mode
/*
The mode consists of the following:
0x49 = binary 01 00 10 01
| | | |
| | | +- DMA channel 01
| | +---- Read operation (the DSP reads from
memory)
| +------- Single cycle mode
+---------- Block mode
*/
outportb (0x02, OffSet & 0x100); //Write the offset to the DMA
//controller
outportb (0x02, OffSet >> 8);
outportb (0x83, Page); //Write the page to the DMA
//controller
outportb (0x03, Wave->SoundLength & 0x100);
outportb (0x03, Wave->SoundLength >> 8);
outportb (0x0A, 1); //Unmask DMA channel
WriteDSP(0x14); // DSP-command 14h - Single cycle
//playback
WriteDSP(Wave->SoundLength & 0xFF);
WriteDSP(Wave->SoundLength >> 8);
}
// Loads a wave file into memory.
// This procedure expects a _very_ standard wave header.
// It doesn't perform much error checking.
int LoadVoice (struct WaveData *Voice, char *FileName)
{
FILE *WAVFile;
//If it can't be opened...
WAVFile = fopen(FileName, "rb");
if (WAVFile == NULL) {
//..display error message
return (0);
}
//Return length of file for sound length minus 48 bytes for .WAV
//header
fseek(WAVFile, 0L, SEEK_END);
Voice->SoundLength = ftell (WAVFile) - 48;
fseek(WAVFile, 0L, SEEK_SET);
//Check RIFF header
if (Voice->SoundLength > 32000) {
if (Voice->SoundLength > 64000) {
Voice->SoundLength = 64000;
}
}
free(Voice->Sample);
Voice->Sample = (char *)malloc(Voice->SoundLength); //Assign memory
if (!Voice->Sample) {
return (0);
}
//Load the sample data
fread(&Header, 46, 1, WAVFile);
//Check RIFF header
if (Header.RIFF != 0x46464952) {
printf ("Not a wave file");
return (0);
}
//Check channels
if (Header.Channels != 1) {
printf ("Not a mono wave file");
return (0);
}
//Check bit resolution
if (Header.BitRes != 8) {
printf ("Not an 8-bit wave file");
return (0);
}
Voice->Frequency = Header.Frequency;
//Load the sample data
fread(Voice->Sample, Voice->SoundLength + 2, 1, WAVFile);
fclose (WAVFile); //Close the file
return (1);
}
void playwav (char wavefile[14], float delaytime )
{
delaytime=1.0;
if (ResetDSP (0x220)) {
//at 220h
printf ("");
} else {
if (ResetDSP (0x240)) {
//at 240h
printf ("");
} else {
//or none at all
printf ("");
return;
}
}
//Load wave file
if (LoadVoice (&Voice, wavefile)) {
//Start playback
PlayBack (&Voice);
delay(delaytime*1000);
//Stops DMA-transfer
WriteDSP (0xD0);
}
}
การเลื่อนบิต
#include "stdio.h"
#include "conio.h"
void main()
{
int a = 1;
clrscr();
printf("%d\n",a);
a = a<<1;
printf("%d\n",a);
a = a<<1;
printf("%d\n",a);
a = a<<1;
printf("%d\n",a);
getch();
}
#include "conio.h"
void main()
{
int a = 1;
clrscr();
printf("%d\n",a);
a = a<<1;
printf("%d\n",a);
a = a<<1;
printf("%d\n",a);
a = a<<1;
printf("%d\n",a);
getch();
}
การแสดงผลทั่วไป
#include "stdio.h"
#include "conio.h"
void main()
{ int a;
float b;
char c;
char *d ="THIS IS A BOOK";
a = 10;
b = 10.5;
c = 'D';
clrscr();
printf("%d\n",a);
printf("%.2f\n",b);
printf("%c\n",c);
printf("%s\n",d);
}
#include "conio.h"
void main()
{ int a;
float b;
char c;
char *d ="THIS IS A BOOK";
a = 10;
b = 10.5;
c = 'D';
clrscr();
printf("%d\n",a);
printf("%.2f\n",b);
printf("%c\n",c);
printf("%s\n",d);
}
การเข้าสู่ GRAPHICS MODE
/*
GRAPHICS DEMO FOR Borland C++ 3.0
Copyright (c) 1987,88,91 Borland International. All rights reserved.
From the command line, use:
bcc bgidemo graphics.lib
*/
#ifdef __TINY__
#error BGIDEMO will not run in the tiny model.
#endif
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#define ESC 0x1b /* Define the escape key */
#define TRUE 1 /* Define some handy constants */
#define FALSE 0 /* Define some handy constants */
#define PI 3.14159 /* Define a value for PI */
#define ON 1 /* Define some handy constants */
#define OFF 0 /* Define some handy constants */
#define NFONTS 11
char *Fonts[NFONTS] = {
"DefaultFont", "TriplexFont", "SmallFont",
"SansSerifFont", "GothicFont", "ScriptFont", "SimplexFont", "TriplexScriptFont",
"ComplexFont", "EuropeanFont", "BoldFont"
};
char *LineStyles[] = {
"SolidLn", "DottedLn", "CenterLn", "DashedLn", "UserBitLn"
};
char *FillStyles[] = {
"EmptyFill", "SolidFill", "LineFill", "LtSlashFill",
"SlashFill", "BkSlashFill", "LtBkSlashFill", "HatchFill",
"XHatchFill", "InterleaveFill", "WideDotFill", "CloseDotFill"
};
char *TextDirect[] = {
"HorizDir", "VertDir"
};
char *HorizJust[] = {
"LeftText", "CenterText", "RightText"
};
char *VertJust[] = {
"BottomText", "CenterText", "TopText"
};
struct PTS {
int x, y;
}; /* Structure to hold vertex points */
int GraphDriver; /* The Graphics device driver */
int GraphMode; /* The Graphics mode value */
double AspectRatio; /* Aspect ratio of a pixel on the screen*/
int MaxX, MaxY; /* The maximum resolution of the screen */
int MaxColors; /* The maximum # of colors available */
int ErrorCode; /* Reports any graphics errors */
struct palettetype palette; /* Used to read palette info */
/* */
/* Function prototypes */
/* */
void Initialize(void);
void ReportStatus(void);
void TextDump(void);
void Bar3DDemo(void);
void RandomBars(void);
void TextDemo(void);
void ColorDemo(void);
void ArcDemo(void);
void CircleDemo(void);
void PieDemo(void);
void BarDemo(void);
void LineRelDemo(void);
void PutPixelDemo(void);
void PutImageDemo(void);
void LineToDemo(void);
void LineStyleDemo(void);
void CRTModeDemo(void);
void UserLineStyleDemo(void);
void FillStyleDemo(void);
void FillPatternDemo(void);
void PaletteDemo(void);
void PolyDemo(void);
void SayGoodbye(void);
void Pause(void);
void MainWindow(char *header);
void StatusLine(char *msg);
void DrawBorder(void);
void changetextstyle(int font, int direction, int charsize);
int gprintf(int *xloc, int *yloc, char *fmt, ... );
/* */
/* Begin main function */
/* */
int main()
{
Initialize(); /* Set system into Graphics mode */
ReportStatus(); /* Report results of the initialization */
ColorDemo(); /* Begin actual demonstration */
if( GraphDriver==EGA || GraphDriver==EGALO || GraphDriver==VGA )
PaletteDemo();
PutPixelDemo();
PutImageDemo();
Bar3DDemo();
BarDemo();
RandomBars();
ArcDemo();
CircleDemo();
PieDemo();
LineRelDemo();
LineToDemo();
LineStyleDemo();
UserLineStyleDemo();
TextDump();
TextDemo();
CRTModeDemo();
FillStyleDemo();
FillPatternDemo();
PolyDemo();
SayGoodbye(); /* Give user the closing screen */
closegraph(); /* Return the system to text mode */
return(0);
}
/* */
/* INITIALIZE: Initializes the graphics system and reports */
/* any errors which occured. */
/* */
void Initialize(void)
{
int xasp, yasp; /* Used to read the aspect ratio*/
GraphDriver = DETECT; /* Request auto-detection */
initgraph( &GraphDriver, &GraphMode, "" );
ErrorCode = graphresult(); /* Read result of initialization*/
if( ErrorCode != grOk ){ /* Error occured during init */
printf(" Graphics System Error: %s\n", grapherrormsg( ErrorCode ) );
exit( 1 );
}
getpalette( &palette ); /* Read the palette from board */
MaxColors = getmaxcolor() + 1; /* Read maximum number of colors*/
MaxX = getmaxx();
MaxY = getmaxy(); /* Read size of screen */
getaspectratio( &xasp, &yasp ); /* read the hardware aspect */
AspectRatio = (double)xasp / (double)yasp; /* Get correction factor */
}
/* */
/* REPORTSTATUS: Report the current configuration of the system */
/* after the auto-detect initialization. */
/* */
void ReportStatus(void)
{
struct viewporttype viewinfo; /* Params for inquiry procedures*/
struct linesettingstype lineinfo;
struct fillsettingstype fillinfo;
struct textsettingstype textinfo;
struct palettetype palette;
char *driver, *mode; /* Strings for driver and mode */
int x, y;
getviewsettings( &viewinfo );
getlinesettings( &lineinfo );
getfillsettings( &fillinfo );
gettextsettings( &textinfo );
getpalette( &palette );
x = 10;
y = 4;
MainWindow( "Status report after InitGraph" );
settextjustify( LEFT_TEXT, TOP_TEXT );
driver = getdrivername();
mode = getmodename(GraphMode); /* get current setting */
gprintf( &x, &y, "Graphics device : %-20s (%d)", driver, GraphDriver );
gprintf( &x, &y, "Graphics mode : %-20s (%d)", mode, GraphMode );
gprintf( &x, &y, "Screen resolution : ( 0, 0, %d, %d )", getmaxx(), getmaxy() );
gprintf( &x, &y, "Current view port : ( %d, %d, %d, %d )",
viewinfo.left, viewinfo.top, viewinfo.right, viewinfo.bottom );
gprintf( &x, &y, "Clipping : %s", viewinfo.clip ? "ON" : "OFF" );
gprintf( &x, &y, "Current position : ( %d, %d )", getx(), gety() );
gprintf( &x, &y, "Colors available : %d", MaxColors );
gprintf( &x, &y, "Current color : %d", getcolor() );
gprintf( &x, &y, "Line style : %s", LineStyles[ lineinfo.linestyle ] );
gprintf( &x, &y, "Line thickness : %d", lineinfo.thickness );
gprintf( &x, &y, "Current fill style : %s", FillStyles[ fillinfo.pattern ] );
gprintf( &x, &y, "Current fill color : %d", fillinfo.color );
gprintf( &x, &y, "Current font : %s", Fonts[ textinfo.font ] );
gprintf( &x, &y, "Text direction : %s", TextDirect[ textinfo.direction ] );
gprintf( &x, &y, "Character size : %d", textinfo.charsize );
gprintf( &x, &y, "Horizontal justify : %s", HorizJust[ textinfo.horiz ] );
gprintf( &x, &y, "Vertical justify : %s", VertJust[ textinfo.vert ] );
Pause(); /* Pause for user to read screen*/
}
/* */
/* TEXTDUMP: Display the all the characters in each of the */
/* available fonts. */
/* */
void TextDump()
{
static int CGASizes[] = {
1, 3, 7, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 };
static int NormSizes[] = {
1, 4, 7, 4, 4, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 };
char buffer[80];
int font, ch, wwidth, lwidth, size;
struct viewporttype vp;
for( font=0 ; font sprintf( buffer, "%s Character Set", Fonts[font] );
MainWindow( buffer ); /* Display fontname as banner */
getviewsettings( &vp ); /* read current viewport */
settextjustify( LEFT_TEXT, TOP_TEXT );
moveto( 2, 3 );
buffer[1] = '\0'; /* Terminate string */
wwidth = vp.right - vp.left; /* Determine the window width */
lwidth = textwidth( "H" ); /* Get average letter width */
if( font == DEFAULT_FONT ){
changetextstyle( font, HORIZ_DIR, 1 );
ch = 0;
while( ch < 256 ){ /* For each possible character */
buffer[0] = ch; /* Put character into a string */
outtext( buffer ); /* send string to screen */
if( (getx() + lwidth) > wwidth )
moveto( 2, gety() + textheight("H") + 3 );
++ch; /* Goto the next character */
}
}
else{
size = (MaxY < 200) ? CGASizes[font] : NormSizes[font];
changetextstyle( font, HORIZ_DIR, size );
ch = '!'; /* Begin at 1st printable */
while( ch < 256 ){ /* For each printable character */
buffer[0] = ch; /* Put character into a string */
outtext( buffer ); /* send string to screen */
if( (lwidth+getx()) > wwidth ) /* Are we still in window? */
moveto( 2, gety()+textheight("H")+3 );
++ch; /* Goto the next character */
}
}
Pause(); /* Pause until user acks */
} /* End of FONT loop */
}
/* */
/* BAR3DDEMO: Display a 3-D bar chart on the screen. */
/* */
void Bar3DDemo(void)
{
static int barheight[] = {
1, 3, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 5, 4, 2, 3 };
struct viewporttype vp;
int xstep, ystep;
int i, j, h, color, bheight;
char buffer[10];
MainWindow( "Bar 3-D / Rectangle Demonstration" );
h = 3 * textheight( "H" );
getviewsettings( &vp );
settextjustify( CENTER_TEXT, TOP_TEXT );
changetextstyle( TRIPLEX_FONT, HORIZ_DIR, 4 );
outtextxy( MaxX/2, 6, "These are 3-D Bars" );
changetextstyle( DEFAULT_FONT, HORIZ_DIR, 1 );
setviewport( vp.left+50, vp.top+40, vp.right-50, vp.bottom-10, 1 );
getviewsettings( &vp );
line( h, h, h, vp.bottom-vp.top-h );
line( h, (vp.bottom-vp.top)-h, (vp.right-vp.left)-h, (vp.bottom-vp.top)-h );
xstep = ((vp.right-vp.left) - (2*h)) / 10;
ystep = ((vp.bottom-vp.top) - (2*h)) / 5;
j = (vp.bottom-vp.top) - h;
settextjustify( CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT );
for( i=0 ; i<6 ; ++i ){
line( h/2, j, h, j );
itoa( i, buffer, 10 );
outtextxy( 0, j, buffer );
j -= ystep;
}
j = h;
settextjustify( CENTER_TEXT, TOP_TEXT );
for( i=0 ; i<11 ; ++i ){
color = random( MaxColors );
setfillstyle( i+1, color );
line( j, (vp.bottom-vp.top)-h, j, (vp.bottom-vp.top-3)-(h/2) );
itoa( i, buffer, 10 );
outtextxy( j, (vp.bottom-vp.top)-(h/2), buffer );
if( i != 10 ){
bheight = (vp.bottom-vp.top) - h - 1;
bar3d( j, (vp.bottom-vp.top-h)-(barheight[i]*ystep), j+xstep, bheight, 15, 1 );
}
j += xstep;
}
Pause(); /* Pause for user's response */
}
/* */
/* RANDOMBARS: Display random bars */
/* */
void RandomBars(void)
{
int color;
MainWindow( "Random Bars" );
StatusLine( "Esc aborts or press a key..." ); /* Put msg at bottom of screen */
while( !kbhit() ){ /* Until user enters a key... */
color = random( MaxColors-1 )+1;
setcolor( color );
setfillstyle( random(11)+1, color );
bar3d( random( getmaxx() ), random( getmaxy() ),
random( getmaxx() ), random( getmaxy() ), 0, OFF);
}
Pause(); /* Pause for user's response */
}
/* */
/* TEXTDEMO: Show each font in several sizes to the user. */
/* */
void TextDemo(void)
{
int charsize[] = {
1, 3, 7, 3, 4, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 };
int font, size;
int h, x, y, i;
struct viewporttype vp;
char buffer[80];
for( font=0 ; font
sprintf( buffer, "%s Demonstration", Fonts[font] );
MainWindow( buffer );
getviewsettings( &vp );
changetextstyle( font, VERT_DIR, charsize[font] );
settextjustify( CENTER_TEXT, BOTTOM_TEXT );
outtextxy( 2*textwidth("M"), vp.bottom - 2*textheight("M"), "Vertical" );
changetextstyle( font, HORIZ_DIR, charsize[font] );
settextjustify( LEFT_TEXT, TOP_TEXT );
outtextxy( 2*textwidth("M"), 2, "Horizontal" );
settextjustify( CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT );
x = (vp.right - vp.left) / 2;
y = textheight( "H" );
for( i=1 ; i<5 ; ++i ){ /* For each of the sizes */
size = (font == SMALL_FONT) ? i+3 : i;
changetextstyle( font, HORIZ_DIR, size );
h = textheight( "H" );
y += h;
sprintf( buffer, "Size %d", size );
outtextxy( x, y, buffer );
}
if( font != DEFAULT_FONT ){ /* Show user declared font size */
y += h / 2; /* Move down the screen */
settextjustify( CENTER_TEXT, TOP_TEXT );
setusercharsize( 5, 6, 3, 2 );
changetextstyle( font, HORIZ_DIR, USER_CHAR_SIZE );
outtextxy( (vp.right-vp.left)/2, y, "User Defined Size" );
}
Pause(); /* Pause to let user look */
} /* End of FONT loop */
}
/* */
/* COLORDEMO: Display the current color palette on the screen. */
/* */
void ColorDemo(void)
{
struct viewporttype vp;
int color, height, width;
int x, y, i, j;
char cnum[5];
MainWindow( "Color Demonstration" ); /* Show demonstration name */
color = 1;
getviewsettings( &vp ); /* Get the current window size */
width = 2 * ( (vp.right+1) / 16 ); /* Get box dimensions */
height = 2 * ( (vp.bottom-10) / 10 );
x = width / 2;
y = height / 2; /* Leave 1/2 box border */
for( j=0 ; j<3 ; ++j ){ /* Row loop */
for( i=0 ; i<5 ; ++i ){ /* Column loop */
setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL, color); /* Set to solid fill in color */
setcolor( color ); /* Set the same border color */
bar( x, y, x+width, y+height ); /* Draw the rectangle */
rectangle( x, y, x+width, y+height ); /* outline the rectangle */
if( color == BLACK ){ /* If box was black... */
setcolor( WHITE ); /* Set drawing color to white */
rectangle( x, y, x+width, y+height ); /* Outline black in white*/
}
itoa( color, cnum, 10 ); /* Convert # to ASCII */
outtextxy( x+(width/2), y+height+4, cnum ); /* Show color # */
color = ++color % MaxColors; /* Advance to the next color */
x += (width / 2) * 3; /* move the column base */
} /* End of Column loop */
y += (height / 2) * 3; /* move the row base */
x = width / 2; /* reset column base */
} /* End of Row loop */
Pause(); /* Pause for user's response */
}
/* */
/* ARCDEMO: Display a random pattern of arcs on the screen */
/* until the user says enough. */
/* */
void ArcDemo(void)
{
int mradius; /* Maximum radius allowed */
int eangle; /* Random end angle of Arc */
struct arccoordstype ai; /* Used to read Arc Cord info */
MainWindow( "Arc Demonstration" );
StatusLine( "ESC Aborts - Press a Key to stop" );
mradius = MaxY / 10; /* Determine the maximum radius */
while( !kbhit() ){ /* Repeat until a key is hit */
setcolor( random( MaxColors - 1 ) + 1 ); /* Randomly select a color */
eangle = random( 358 ) + 1; /* Select an end angle */
arc( random(MaxX), random(MaxY), random(eangle), eangle, mradius );
getarccoords( &ai ); /* Read Cord data */
line( ai.x, ai.y, ai.xstart, ai.ystart ); /* line from start to center */
line( ai.x, ai.y, ai.xend, ai.yend ); /* line from end to center */
} /* End of WHILE not KBHIT */
Pause(); /* Wait for user's response */
}
/* */
/* CIRCLEDEMO: Display a random pattern of circles on the screen */
/* until the user says enough. */
/* */
void CircleDemo(void)
{
int mradius; /* Maximum radius allowed */
MainWindow( "Circle Demonstration" );
StatusLine( "ESC Aborts - Press a Key to stop" );
mradius = MaxY / 10; /* Determine the maximum radius */
while( !kbhit() ){ /* Repeat until a key is hit */
setcolor( random( MaxColors - 1 ) + 1 ); /* Randomly select a color */
circle( random(MaxX), random(MaxY), random(mradius) );
} /* End of WHILE not KBHIT */
Pause(); /* Wait for user's response */
}
/* */
/* PIEDEMO: Display a pie chart on the screen. */
/* */
#define adjasp( y ) ((int)(AspectRatio * (double)(y)))
#define torad( d ) (( (double)(d) * PI ) / 180.0 )
void PieDemo(void)
{
struct viewporttype vp;
int xcenter, ycenter, radius, lradius;
int x, y;
double radians, piesize;
MainWindow( "Pie Chart Demonstration" );
getviewsettings( &vp ); /* Get the current viewport */
xcenter = (vp.right - vp.left) / 2; /* Center the Pie horizontally */
ycenter = (vp.bottom - vp.top) / 2+20;/* Center the Pie vertically */
radius = (vp.bottom - vp.top) / 3; /* It will cover 2/3rds screen */
piesize = (vp.bottom - vp.top) / 4.0; /* Optimum height ratio of pie */
while( (AspectRatio*radius) < piesize ) ++radius;
lradius = radius + ( radius / 5 ); /* Labels placed 20% farther */
changetextstyle( TRIPLEX_FONT, HORIZ_DIR, 4 );
settextjustify( CENTER_TEXT, TOP_TEXT );
outtextxy( MaxX/2, 6, "This is a Pie Chart" );
changetextstyle( TRIPLEX_FONT, HORIZ_DIR, 1 );
settextjustify( CENTER_TEXT, TOP_TEXT );
setfillstyle( SOLID_FILL, RED );
pieslice( xcenter+10, ycenter-adjasp(10), 0, 90, radius );
radians = torad( 45 );
x = xcenter + (int)( cos( radians ) * (double)lradius );
y = ycenter - (int)( sin( radians ) * (double)lradius * AspectRatio );
settextjustify( LEFT_TEXT, BOTTOM_TEXT );
outtextxy( x, y, "25 %" );
setfillstyle( WIDE_DOT_FILL, GREEN );
pieslice( xcenter, ycenter, 90, 135, radius );
radians = torad( 113 );
x = xcenter + (int)( cos( radians ) * (double)lradius );
y = ycenter - (int)( sin( radians ) * (double)lradius * AspectRatio );
settextjustify( RIGHT_TEXT, BOTTOM_TEXT );
outtextxy( x, y, "12.5 %" );
setfillstyle( INTERLEAVE_FILL, YELLOW );
settextjustify( RIGHT_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT );
pieslice( xcenter-10, ycenter, 135, 225, radius );
radians = torad( 180 );
x = xcenter + (int)( cos( radians ) * (double)lradius );
y = ycenter - (int)( sin( radians ) * (double)lradius * AspectRatio );
settextjustify( RIGHT_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT );
outtextxy( x, y, "25 %" );
setfillstyle( HATCH_FILL, BLUE );
pieslice( xcenter, ycenter, 225, 360, radius );
radians = torad( 293 );
x = xcenter + (int)( cos( radians ) * (double)lradius );
y = ycenter - (int)( sin( radians ) * (double)lradius * AspectRatio );
settextjustify( LEFT_TEXT, TOP_TEXT );
outtextxy( x, y, "37.5 %" );
Pause(); /* Pause for user's response */
}
/* */
/* BARDEMO: Draw a 2-D bar chart using Bar and Rectangle. */
/* */
void BarDemo(void)
{
int barheight[] = {
1, 3, 5, 2, 4 };
int styles[] = {
1, 3, 10, 5, 9, 1 };
int xstep, ystep;
int sheight, swidth;
int i, j, h;
struct viewporttype vp;
char buffer[40];
MainWindow( "Bar / Rectangle demonstration" );
h = 3 * textheight( "H" );
getviewsettings( &vp );
settextjustify( CENTER_TEXT, TOP_TEXT );
changetextstyle( TRIPLEX_FONT, HORIZ_DIR, 4 );
outtextxy( MaxX /2, 6, "These are 2-D Bars" );
changetextstyle( DEFAULT_FONT, HORIZ_DIR, 1 );
setviewport( vp.left+50, vp.top+30, vp.right-50, vp.bottom-10, 1 );
getviewsettings( &vp );
sheight = vp.bottom - vp.top;
swidth = vp.right - vp.left;
line( h, h, h, sheight-h );
line( h, sheight-h, sheight-h, sheight-h );
ystep = (sheight - (2*h) ) / 5;
xstep = (swidth - (2*h) ) / 5;
j = sheight - h;
settextjustify( CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT );
for( i=0 ; i<6 ; ++i ){
line( h/2, j, h, j );
itoa( i, buffer, 10 );
outtextxy( 0, j, buffer );
j -= ystep;
}
j = h;
settextjustify( CENTER_TEXT, TOP_TEXT );
for( i=0 ; i<6 ; ++i ){
setfillstyle( styles[i], random(MaxColors) );
line( j, sheight - h, j, sheight- 3 - (h/2) );
itoa( i, buffer, 10 );
outtextxy( j, sheight - (h/2), buffer );
if( i != 5 ){
bar( j, (sheight-h)-(barheight[i] * ystep), j+xstep, sheight-h-1 );
rectangle( j, (sheight-h)-(barheight[i] * ystep), j+xstep, sheight-h);
}
j += xstep;
}
Pause();
}
/* */
/* LINERELDEMO: Display pattern using moverel and linerel cmds. */
/* */
void LineRelDemo(void)
{
struct viewporttype vp;
int h, w, dx, dy, cx, cy;
struct PTS outs[7];
MainWindow( "MoveRel / LineRel Demonstration" );
StatusLine( "Press any key to continue, ESC to Abort" );
getviewsettings( &vp );
cx = (vp.right - vp.left) / 2; /* Center of the screen coords */
cy = (vp.bottom - vp.top ) / 2;
h = (vp.bottom - vp.top ) / 8;
w = (vp.right - vp.left) / 9;
dx = 2 * w;
dy = 2 * h;
setcolor( BLACK );
setfillstyle( SOLID_FILL, BLUE );
bar( 0, 0, vp.right-vp.left, vp.bottom-vp.top ); /* Draw backgnd */
outs[0].x = cx - dx;
outs[0].y = cy - dy;
outs[1].x = cx - (dx-w);
outs[1].y = cy - (dy+h);
outs[2].x = cx + dx;
outs[2].y = cy - (dy+h);
outs[3].x = cx + dx;
outs[3].y = cy + dy;
outs[4].x = cx + (dx-w);
outs[4].y = cy + (dy+h);
outs[5].x = cx - dx;
outs[5].y = cy + (dy+h);
outs[6].x = cx - dx;
outs[6].y = cy - dy;
setfillstyle( SOLID_FILL, WHITE );
fillpoly( 7, (int far *)outs );
outs[0].x = cx - (w/2);
outs[0].y = cy + h;
outs[1].x = cx + (w/2);
outs[1].y = cy + h;
outs[2].x = cx + (w/2);
outs[2].y = cy - h;
outs[3].x = cx - (w/2);
outs[3].y = cy - h;
outs[4].x = cx - (w/2);
outs[4].y = cy + h;
setfillstyle( SOLID_FILL, BLUE );
fillpoly( 5, (int far *)outs );
/* Draw a Tesseract object on the screen using the LineRel and */
/* MoveRel drawing commands. */
moveto( cx-dx, cy-dy );
linerel( w, -h );
linerel( 3*w, 0 );
linerel( 0, 5*h );
linerel( -w, h );
linerel( -3*w, 0 );
linerel( 0, -5*h );
moverel( w, -h );
linerel( 0, 5*h );
linerel( w+(w/2), 0 );
linerel( 0, -3*h );
linerel( w/2, -h );
linerel( 0, 5*h );
moverel( 0, -5*h );
linerel( -(w+(w/2)), 0 );
linerel( 0, 3*h );
linerel( -w/2, h );
moverel( w/2, -h );
linerel( w, 0 );
moverel( 0, -2*h );
linerel( -w, 0 );
Pause(); /* Wait for user's response */
}
/* */
/* PUTPIXELDEMO: Display a pattern of random dots on the screen */
/* and pick them back up again. */
/* */
void PutPixelDemo(void)
{
int seed = 1958;
int i, x, y, h, w, color;
struct viewporttype vp;
MainWindow( "PutPixel / GetPixel Demonstration" );
getviewsettings( &vp );
h = vp.bottom - vp.top;
w = vp.right - vp.left;
srand( seed ); /* Restart random # function */
for( i=0 ; i<5000 ; ++i ){ /* Put 5000 pixels on screen */
x = 1 + random( w - 1 ); /* Generate a random location */
y = 1 + random( h - 1 );
color = random( MaxColors );
putpixel( x, y, color );
}
srand( seed ); /* Restart Random # at same # */
for( i=0 ; i<5000 ; ++i ){ /* Take the 5000 pixels off */
x = 1 + random( w - 1 ); /* Generate a random location */
y = 1 + random( h - 1 );
color = getpixel( x, y ); /* Read the color pixel */
if( color == random( MaxColors ) ) /* Used to keep RANDOM in sync */
putpixel( x, y, 0 ); /* Write pixel to BLACK */
}
Pause(); /* Wait for user's response */
}
/* */
/* PUTIMAGEDEMO */
/* */
void PutImageDemo(void)
{
static int r = 20;
static int StartX = 100;
static int StartY = 50;
struct viewporttype vp;
int PauseTime, x, y, ulx, uly, lrx, lry, size, i, width, height, step;
void *Saucer;
MainWindow("GetImage / PutImage Demonstration");
getviewsettings( &vp );
/* Draw Saucer */
setfillstyle( SOLID_FILL, getmaxcolor() );
fillellipse(StartX, StartY, r, (r/3)+2);
ellipse(StartX, StartY-4, 190, 357, r, r/3);
line(StartX+7, StartY-6, StartX+10, StartY-12);
circle(StartX+10, StartY-12, 2);
line(StartX-7, StartY-6, StartX-10, StartY-12);
circle(StartX-10, StartY-12, 2);
/* Read saucer image */
ulx = StartX-(r+1);
uly = StartY-14;
lrx = StartX+(r+1);
lry = StartY+(r/3)+3;
width = lrx - ulx + 1;
height = lry - uly + 1;
size = imagesize(ulx, uly, lrx, lry);
Saucer = malloc( size );
getimage(ulx, uly, lrx, lry, Saucer);
putimage(ulx, uly, Saucer, XOR_PUT);
/* Plot some "stars" */
for ( i=0 ; i<1000; ++i )
putpixel(random(MaxX), random(MaxY), random( MaxColors-1 )+1);
x = MaxX / 2;
y = MaxY / 2;
PauseTime = 70;
/* until a key is hit */
while ( !kbhit() ) {
/* Draw the Saucer */
putimage(x, y, Saucer, XOR_PUT); /* draw image */
delay(PauseTime);
putimage(x, y, Saucer, XOR_PUT); /* erase image */
/* Move Saucer */
step = random( 2*r );
if ((step/2) % 2 != 0 )
step = -1 * step;
x = x + step;
step = random( r );
if ((step/2) % 2 != 0 )
step = -1 * step;
y = y + step;
if (vp.left + x + width - 1 > vp.right)
x = vp.right-vp.left-width + 1;
else
if (x < 0)
x = 0;
if (vp.top + y + height - 1 > vp.bottom)
y = vp.bottom-vp.top-height + 1;
else
if (y < 0)
y = 0;
}
free( Saucer );
Pause();
}
/* */
/* LINETODEMO: Display a pattern using moveto and lineto commands. */
/* */
#define MAXPTS 15
void LineToDemo(void)
{
struct viewporttype vp;
struct PTS points[MAXPTS];
int i, j, h, w, xcenter, ycenter;
int radius, angle, step;
double rads;
MainWindow( "MoveTo / LineTo Demonstration" );
getviewsettings( &vp );
h = vp.bottom - vp.top;
w = vp.right - vp.left;
xcenter = w / 2; /* Determine the center of circle */
ycenter = h / 2;
radius = (h - 30) / (AspectRatio * 2);
step = 360 / MAXPTS; /* Determine # of increments */
angle = 0; /* Begin at zero degrees */
for( i=0 ; i rads = (double)angle * PI / 180.0; /* Convert angle to radians */
points[i].x = xcenter + (int)( cos(rads) * radius );
points[i].y = ycenter - (int)( sin(rads) * radius * AspectRatio );
angle += step; /* Move to next increment */
}
circle( xcenter, ycenter, radius ); /* Draw bounding circle */
for( i=0 ; i for( j=i ; j moveto(points[i].x, points[i].y); /* Move to beginning of cord */
lineto(points[j].x, points[j].y); /* Draw the cord */
}
}
Pause(); /* Wait for user's response */
}
/* */
/* LINESTYLEDEMO: Display a pattern using all of the standard */
/* line styles that are available. */
/* */
void LineStyleDemo(void)
{
int style, step;
int x, y, w;
struct viewporttype vp;
char buffer[40];
MainWindow( "Pre-defined line styles" );
getviewsettings( &vp );
w = vp.right - vp.left;
x = 35;
y = 10;
step = w / 11;
settextjustify( LEFT_TEXT, TOP_TEXT );
outtextxy( x, y, "Normal Width" );
settextjustify( CENTER_TEXT, TOP_TEXT );
for( style=0 ; style<4 ; ++style ){
setlinestyle( style, 0, NORM_WIDTH );
line( x, y+20, x, vp.bottom-40 );
itoa( style, buffer, 10 );
outtextxy( x, vp.bottom-30, buffer );
x += step;
}
x += 2 * step;
settextjustify( LEFT_TEXT, TOP_TEXT );
outtextxy( x, y, "Thick Width" );
settextjustify( CENTER_TEXT, TOP_TEXT );
for( style=0 ; style<4 ; ++style ){
setlinestyle( style, 0, THICK_WIDTH );
line( x, y+20, x, vp.bottom-40 );
itoa( style, buffer, 10 );
outtextxy( x, vp.bottom-30, buffer );
x += step;
}
settextjustify( LEFT_TEXT, TOP_TEXT );
Pause(); /* Wait for user's response */
}
/* */
/* CRTMODEDEMO: Demonstrate the effects of the change mode */
/* commands on the current screen. */
/* */
void CRTModeDemo(void)
{
struct viewporttype vp;
int mode;
MainWindow( "SetGraphMode / RestoreCRTMode demo" );
getviewsettings( &vp );
mode = getgraphmode();
settextjustify( CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT );
outtextxy( (vp.right-vp.left)/2, (vp.bottom-vp.top)/2,
"Now you are in graphics mode..." );
StatusLine( "Press any key for text mode..." );
getch();
restorecrtmode();
printf( "Now you are in text mode.\n\n" );
printf( "Press any key to go back to graphics..." );
getch();
setgraphmode( mode );
MainWindow( "SetGraphMode / RestoreCRTMode demo" );
settextjustify( CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT );
outtextxy( (vp.right-vp.left)/2, (vp.bottom-vp.top)/2,
"Back in Graphics Mode..." );
Pause(); /* Wait for user's response */
}
/* */
/* USERLINESTYLEDEMO: Display line styles showing the user */
/* defined line style functions. */
/* */
void UserLineStyleDemo(void)
{
int x, y, i, h, flag;
unsigned int style;
struct viewporttype vp;
MainWindow( "User defined line styles" );
getviewsettings( &vp );
h = vp.bottom - vp.top;
x = 4;
y = 10;
style = 0;
i = 0;
settextjustify( CENTER_TEXT, TOP_TEXT );
flag = TRUE; /* Set the bits in this pass */
while( x < vp.right-2 ){ /* Draw lines across the screen */
if( flag ) /* If flag, set bits... */
style = style | (1 << i); /* Set the Ith bit in word */
else /* If no flag, clear bits */
style = style & !(0x8000 >> i); /* Clear the Ith bit in word */
setlinestyle( USERBIT_LINE, style, NORM_WIDTH );
line( x, y, x, h-y ); /* Draw the new line pattern */
x += 5; /* Move the X location of line */
i = ++i % 16; /* Advance to next bit pattern */
if( style == 0xffff ){ /* Are all bits set? */
flag = FALSE; /* begin removing bits */
i = 0; /* Start with whole pattern */
}
else{ /* Bits not all set... */
if( style == 0 ) /* Are all bits clear? */
flag = TRUE; /* begin setting bits */
}
}
settextjustify( LEFT_TEXT, TOP_TEXT );
Pause(); /* Wait for user's response */
}
/* */
/* FILLSTYLEDEMO: Display the standard fill patterns available. */
/* */
void FillStyleDemo(void)
{
int h, w, style;
int i, j, x, y;
struct viewporttype vp;
char buffer[40];
MainWindow( "Pre-defined Fill Styles" );
getviewsettings( &vp );
w = 2 * ((vp.right + 1) / 13);
h = 2 * ((vp.bottom - 10) / 10);
x = w / 2;
y = h / 2; /* Leave 1/2 blk margin */
style = 0;
for( j=0 ; j<3 ; ++j ){ /* Three rows of boxes */
for( i=0 ; i<4 ; ++i ){ /* Four column of boxes */
setfillstyle(style, MaxColors-1); /* Set the fill style and WHITE */
bar( x, y, x+w, y+h ); /* Draw the actual box */
rectangle( x, y, x+w, y+h ); /* Outline the box */
itoa( style, buffer, 10 ); /* Convert style 3 to ASCII */
outtextxy( x+(w / 2), y+h+4, buffer );
++style; /* Go on to next style # */
x += (w / 2) * 3; /* Go to next column */
} /* End of coulmn loop */
x = w / 2; /* Put base back to 1st column */
y += (h / 2) * 3; /* Advance to next row */
} /* End of Row loop */
settextjustify( LEFT_TEXT, TOP_TEXT );
Pause(); /* Wait for user's response */
}
/* */
/* FILLPATTERNDEMO: Demonstrate how to use the user definable */
/* fill patterns. */
/* */
void FillPatternDemo(void)
{
int style;
int h, w;
int x, y, i, j;
char buffer[40];
struct viewporttype vp;
static char patterns[][8] = {
{ 0xAA, 0x55, 0xAA, 0x55, 0xAA, 0x55, 0xAA, 0x55 },
{ 0x33, 0x33, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0x33, 0x33, 0xCC, 0xCC },
{ 0xF0, 0xF0, 0xF0, 0xF0, 0x0F, 0x0F, 0x0F, 0x0F },
{ 0x00, 0x10, 0x28, 0x44, 0x28, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00 },
{ 0x00, 0x70, 0x20, 0x27, 0x24, 0x24, 0x07, 0x00 },
{ 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00 },
{ 0x00, 0x00, 0x3C, 0x3C, 0x3C, 0x3C, 0x00, 0x00 },
{ 0x00, 0x7E, 0x7E, 0x7E, 0x7E, 0x7E, 0x7E, 0x00 },
{ 0x00, 0x00, 0x22, 0x08, 0x00, 0x22, 0x1C, 0x00 },
{ 0xFF, 0x7E, 0x3C, 0x18, 0x18, 0x3C, 0x7E, 0xFF },
{ 0x00, 0x10, 0x10, 0x7C, 0x10, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00 },
{ 0x00, 0x42, 0x24, 0x18, 0x18, 0x24, 0x42, 0x00 }
};
MainWindow( "User Defined Fill Styles" );
getviewsettings( &vp );
w = 2 * ((vp.right + 1) / 13);
h = 2 * ((vp.bottom - 10) / 10);
x = w / 2;
y = h / 2; /* Leave 1/2 blk margin */
style = 0;
for( j=0 ; j<3 ; ++j ){ /* Three rows of boxes */
for( i=0 ; i<4 ; ++i ){ /* Four column of boxes */
setfillpattern( &patterns[style][0], MaxColors-1 );
bar( x, y, x+w, y+h ); /* Draw the actual box */
rectangle( x, y, x+w, y+h ); /* Outline the box */
itoa( style, buffer, 10 ); /* Convert style 3 to ASCII */
outtextxy( x+(w / 2), y+h+4, buffer );
++style; /* Go on to next style # */
x += (w / 2) * 3; /* Go to next column */
} /* End of coulmn loop */
x = w / 2; /* Put base back to 1st column */
y += (h / 2) * 3; /* Advance to next row */
} /* End of Row loop */
settextjustify( LEFT_TEXT, TOP_TEXT );
Pause(); /* Wait for user's response */
}
/* */
/* POLYDEMO: Display a random pattern of polygons on the screen */
/* until the user says enough. */
/* */
void PaletteDemo(void)
{
int i, j, x, y, color;
struct viewporttype vp;
int height, width;
MainWindow( "Palette Demonstration" );
StatusLine( "Press any key to continue, ESC to Abort" );
getviewsettings( &vp );
width = (vp.right - vp.left) / 15; /* get width of the box */
height = (vp.bottom - vp.top) / 10; /* Get the height of the box */
x = y = 0; /* Start in upper corner */
color = 1; /* Begin at 1st color */
for( j=0 ; j<10 ; ++j ){ /* For 10 rows of boxes */
for( i=0 ; i<15 ; ++i ){ /* For 15 columns of boxes */
setfillstyle( SOLID_FILL, color++ ); /* Set the color of box */
bar( x, y, x+width, y+height ); /* Draw the box */
x += width + 1; /* Advance to next col */
color = 1 + (color % (MaxColors - 2)); /* Set new color */
} /* End of COLUMN loop */
x = 0; /* Goto 1st column */
y += height + 1; /* Goto next row */
} /* End of ROW loop */
while( !kbhit() ){ /* Until user enters a key... */
setpalette( 1+random(MaxColors - 2), random( 65 ) );
}
setallpalette( &palette );
Pause(); /* Wait for user's response */
}
/* */
/* POLYDEMO: Display a random pattern of polygons on the screen */
/* until the user says enough. */
/* */
#define MaxPts 6 /* Maximum # of pts in polygon */
void PolyDemo(void)
{
struct PTS poly[ MaxPts ]; /* Space to hold datapoints */
int color; /* Current drawing color */
int i;
MainWindow( "DrawPoly / FillPoly Demonstration" );
StatusLine( "ESC Aborts - Press a Key to stop" );
while( !kbhit() ){ /* Repeat until a key is hit */
color = 1 + random( MaxColors-1 ); /* Get a random color # (no blk)*/
setfillstyle( random(10), color ); /* Set a random line style */
setcolor( color ); /* Set the desired color */
for( i=0 ; i<(MaxPts-1) ; i++ ){ /* Determine a random polygon */
poly[i].x = random( MaxX ); /* Set the x coord of point */
poly[i].y = random( MaxY ); /* Set the y coord of point */
}
poly[i].x = poly[0].x; /* last point = first point */
poly[i].y = poly[1].y;
fillpoly( MaxPts, (int far *)poly ); /* Draw the actual polygon */
} /* End of WHILE not KBHIT */
Pause(); /* Wait for user's response */
}
/* */
/* SAYGOODBYE: Give a closing screen to the user before leaving. */
/* */
void SayGoodbye(void)
{
struct viewporttype viewinfo; /* Structure to read viewport */
int h, w;
MainWindow( "== Finale ==" );
getviewsettings( &viewinfo ); /* Read viewport settings */
changetextstyle( TRIPLEX_FONT, HORIZ_DIR, 4 );
settextjustify( CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT );
h = viewinfo.bottom - viewinfo.top;
w = viewinfo.right - viewinfo.left;
outtextxy( w/2, h/2, "That's all, folks!" );
StatusLine( "Press any key to EXIT" );
getch();
cleardevice(); /* Clear the graphics screen */
}
/* */
/* PAUSE: Pause until the user enters a keystroke. If the */
/* key is an ESC, then exit program, else simply return. */
/* */
void Pause(void)
{
static char msg[] = "Esc aborts or press a key...";
int c;
StatusLine( msg ); /* Put msg at bottom of screen */
c = getch(); /* Read a character from kbd */
if( ESC == c ){ /* Does user wish to leave? */
closegraph(); /* Change to text mode */
exit( 1 ); /* Return to OS */
}
if( 0 == c ){ /* Did use hit a non-ASCII key? */
c = getch(); /* Read scan code for keyboard */
}
cleardevice(); /* Clear the screen */
}
/* */
/* MAINWINDOW: Establish the main window for the demo and set */
/* a viewport for the demo code. */
/* */
void MainWindow( char *header )
{
int height;
cleardevice(); /* Clear graphics screen */
setcolor( MaxColors - 1 ); /* Set current color to white */
setviewport( 0, 0, MaxX, MaxY, 1 ); /* Open port to full screen */
height = textheight( "H" ); /* Get basic text height */
changetextstyle( DEFAULT_FONT, HORIZ_DIR, 1 );
settextjustify( CENTER_TEXT, TOP_TEXT );
outtextxy( MaxX/2, 2, header );
setviewport( 0, height+4, MaxX, MaxY-(height+4), 1 );
DrawBorder();
setviewport( 1, height+5, MaxX-1, MaxY-(height+5), 1 );
}
/* */
/* STATUSLINE: Display a status line at the bottom of the screen. */
/* */
void StatusLine( char *msg )
{
int height;
setviewport( 0, 0, MaxX, MaxY, 1 ); /* Open port to full screen */
setcolor( MaxColors - 1 ); /* Set current color to white */
changetextstyle( DEFAULT_FONT, HORIZ_DIR, 1 );
settextjustify( CENTER_TEXT, TOP_TEXT );
setlinestyle( SOLID_LINE, 0, NORM_WIDTH );
setfillstyle( EMPTY_FILL, 0 );
height = textheight( "H" ); /* Detemine current height */
bar( 0, MaxY-(height+4), MaxX, MaxY );
rectangle( 0, MaxY-(height+4), MaxX, MaxY );
outtextxy( MaxX/2, MaxY-(height+2), msg );
setviewport( 1, height+5, MaxX-1, MaxY-(height+5), 1 );
}
/* */
/* DRAWBORDER: Draw a solid single line around the current */
/* viewport. */
/* */
void DrawBorder(void)
{
struct viewporttype vp;
setcolor( MaxColors - 1 ); /* Set current color to white */
setlinestyle( SOLID_LINE, 0, NORM_WIDTH );
getviewsettings( &vp );
rectangle( 0, 0, vp.right-vp.left, vp.bottom-vp.top );
}
/* */
/* CHANGETEXTSTYLE: similar to settextstyle, but checks for */
/* errors that might occur whil loading the font file. */
/* */
void changetextstyle(int font, int direction, int charsize)
{
int ErrorCode;
graphresult(); /* clear error code */
settextstyle(font, direction, charsize);
ErrorCode = graphresult(); /* check result */
if( ErrorCode != grOk ){ /* if error occured */
closegraph();
printf(" Graphics System Error: %s\n", grapherrormsg( ErrorCode ) );
exit( 1 );
}
}
/* */
/* GPRINTF: Used like PRINTF except the output is sent to the */
/* screen in graphics mode at the specified co-ordinate. */
/* */
int gprintf( int *xloc, int *yloc, char *fmt, ... )
{
va_list argptr; /* Argument list pointer */
char str[140]; /* Buffer to build sting into */
int cnt; /* Result of SPRINTF for return */
va_start( argptr, fmt ); /* Initialize va_ functions */
cnt = vsprintf( str, fmt, argptr ); /* prints string to buffer */
outtextxy( *xloc, *yloc, str ); /* Send string in graphics mode */
*yloc += textheight( "H" ) + 2; /* Advance to next line */
va_end( argptr ); /* Close va_ functions */
return( cnt ); /* Return the conversion count */
}
GRAPHICS DEMO FOR Borland C++ 3.0
Copyright (c) 1987,88,91 Borland International. All rights reserved.
From the command line, use:
bcc bgidemo graphics.lib
*/
#ifdef __TINY__
#error BGIDEMO will not run in the tiny model.
#endif
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#define ESC 0x1b /* Define the escape key */
#define TRUE 1 /* Define some handy constants */
#define FALSE 0 /* Define some handy constants */
#define PI 3.14159 /* Define a value for PI */
#define ON 1 /* Define some handy constants */
#define OFF 0 /* Define some handy constants */
#define NFONTS 11
char *Fonts[NFONTS] = {
"DefaultFont", "TriplexFont", "SmallFont",
"SansSerifFont", "GothicFont", "ScriptFont", "SimplexFont", "TriplexScriptFont",
"ComplexFont", "EuropeanFont", "BoldFont"
};
char *LineStyles[] = {
"SolidLn", "DottedLn", "CenterLn", "DashedLn", "UserBitLn"
};
char *FillStyles[] = {
"EmptyFill", "SolidFill", "LineFill", "LtSlashFill",
"SlashFill", "BkSlashFill", "LtBkSlashFill", "HatchFill",
"XHatchFill", "InterleaveFill", "WideDotFill", "CloseDotFill"
};
char *TextDirect[] = {
"HorizDir", "VertDir"
};
char *HorizJust[] = {
"LeftText", "CenterText", "RightText"
};
char *VertJust[] = {
"BottomText", "CenterText", "TopText"
};
struct PTS {
int x, y;
}; /* Structure to hold vertex points */
int GraphDriver; /* The Graphics device driver */
int GraphMode; /* The Graphics mode value */
double AspectRatio; /* Aspect ratio of a pixel on the screen*/
int MaxX, MaxY; /* The maximum resolution of the screen */
int MaxColors; /* The maximum # of colors available */
int ErrorCode; /* Reports any graphics errors */
struct palettetype palette; /* Used to read palette info */
/* */
/* Function prototypes */
/* */
void Initialize(void);
void ReportStatus(void);
void TextDump(void);
void Bar3DDemo(void);
void RandomBars(void);
void TextDemo(void);
void ColorDemo(void);
void ArcDemo(void);
void CircleDemo(void);
void PieDemo(void);
void BarDemo(void);
void LineRelDemo(void);
void PutPixelDemo(void);
void PutImageDemo(void);
void LineToDemo(void);
void LineStyleDemo(void);
void CRTModeDemo(void);
void UserLineStyleDemo(void);
void FillStyleDemo(void);
void FillPatternDemo(void);
void PaletteDemo(void);
void PolyDemo(void);
void SayGoodbye(void);
void Pause(void);
void MainWindow(char *header);
void StatusLine(char *msg);
void DrawBorder(void);
void changetextstyle(int font, int direction, int charsize);
int gprintf(int *xloc, int *yloc, char *fmt, ... );
/* */
/* Begin main function */
/* */
int main()
{
Initialize(); /* Set system into Graphics mode */
ReportStatus(); /* Report results of the initialization */
ColorDemo(); /* Begin actual demonstration */
if( GraphDriver==EGA || GraphDriver==EGALO || GraphDriver==VGA )
PaletteDemo();
PutPixelDemo();
PutImageDemo();
Bar3DDemo();
BarDemo();
RandomBars();
ArcDemo();
CircleDemo();
PieDemo();
LineRelDemo();
LineToDemo();
LineStyleDemo();
UserLineStyleDemo();
TextDump();
TextDemo();
CRTModeDemo();
FillStyleDemo();
FillPatternDemo();
PolyDemo();
SayGoodbye(); /* Give user the closing screen */
closegraph(); /* Return the system to text mode */
return(0);
}
/* */
/* INITIALIZE: Initializes the graphics system and reports */
/* any errors which occured. */
/* */
void Initialize(void)
{
int xasp, yasp; /* Used to read the aspect ratio*/
GraphDriver = DETECT; /* Request auto-detection */
initgraph( &GraphDriver, &GraphMode, "" );
ErrorCode = graphresult(); /* Read result of initialization*/
if( ErrorCode != grOk ){ /* Error occured during init */
printf(" Graphics System Error: %s\n", grapherrormsg( ErrorCode ) );
exit( 1 );
}
getpalette( &palette ); /* Read the palette from board */
MaxColors = getmaxcolor() + 1; /* Read maximum number of colors*/
MaxX = getmaxx();
MaxY = getmaxy(); /* Read size of screen */
getaspectratio( &xasp, &yasp ); /* read the hardware aspect */
AspectRatio = (double)xasp / (double)yasp; /* Get correction factor */
}
/* */
/* REPORTSTATUS: Report the current configuration of the system */
/* after the auto-detect initialization. */
/* */
void ReportStatus(void)
{
struct viewporttype viewinfo; /* Params for inquiry procedures*/
struct linesettingstype lineinfo;
struct fillsettingstype fillinfo;
struct textsettingstype textinfo;
struct palettetype palette;
char *driver, *mode; /* Strings for driver and mode */
int x, y;
getviewsettings( &viewinfo );
getlinesettings( &lineinfo );
getfillsettings( &fillinfo );
gettextsettings( &textinfo );
getpalette( &palette );
x = 10;
y = 4;
MainWindow( "Status report after InitGraph" );
settextjustify( LEFT_TEXT, TOP_TEXT );
driver = getdrivername();
mode = getmodename(GraphMode); /* get current setting */
gprintf( &x, &y, "Graphics device : %-20s (%d)", driver, GraphDriver );
gprintf( &x, &y, "Graphics mode : %-20s (%d)", mode, GraphMode );
gprintf( &x, &y, "Screen resolution : ( 0, 0, %d, %d )", getmaxx(), getmaxy() );
gprintf( &x, &y, "Current view port : ( %d, %d, %d, %d )",
viewinfo.left, viewinfo.top, viewinfo.right, viewinfo.bottom );
gprintf( &x, &y, "Clipping : %s", viewinfo.clip ? "ON" : "OFF" );
gprintf( &x, &y, "Current position : ( %d, %d )", getx(), gety() );
gprintf( &x, &y, "Colors available : %d", MaxColors );
gprintf( &x, &y, "Current color : %d", getcolor() );
gprintf( &x, &y, "Line style : %s", LineStyles[ lineinfo.linestyle ] );
gprintf( &x, &y, "Line thickness : %d", lineinfo.thickness );
gprintf( &x, &y, "Current fill style : %s", FillStyles[ fillinfo.pattern ] );
gprintf( &x, &y, "Current fill color : %d", fillinfo.color );
gprintf( &x, &y, "Current font : %s", Fonts[ textinfo.font ] );
gprintf( &x, &y, "Text direction : %s", TextDirect[ textinfo.direction ] );
gprintf( &x, &y, "Character size : %d", textinfo.charsize );
gprintf( &x, &y, "Horizontal justify : %s", HorizJust[ textinfo.horiz ] );
gprintf( &x, &y, "Vertical justify : %s", VertJust[ textinfo.vert ] );
Pause(); /* Pause for user to read screen*/
}
/* */
/* TEXTDUMP: Display the all the characters in each of the */
/* available fonts. */
/* */
void TextDump()
{
static int CGASizes[] = {
1, 3, 7, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 };
static int NormSizes[] = {
1, 4, 7, 4, 4, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 };
char buffer[80];
int font, ch, wwidth, lwidth, size;
struct viewporttype vp;
for( font=0 ; font
MainWindow( buffer ); /* Display fontname as banner */
getviewsettings( &vp ); /* read current viewport */
settextjustify( LEFT_TEXT, TOP_TEXT );
moveto( 2, 3 );
buffer[1] = '\0'; /* Terminate string */
wwidth = vp.right - vp.left; /* Determine the window width */
lwidth = textwidth( "H" ); /* Get average letter width */
if( font == DEFAULT_FONT ){
changetextstyle( font, HORIZ_DIR, 1 );
ch = 0;
while( ch < 256 ){ /* For each possible character */
buffer[0] = ch; /* Put character into a string */
outtext( buffer ); /* send string to screen */
if( (getx() + lwidth) > wwidth )
moveto( 2, gety() + textheight("H") + 3 );
++ch; /* Goto the next character */
}
}
else{
size = (MaxY < 200) ? CGASizes[font] : NormSizes[font];
changetextstyle( font, HORIZ_DIR, size );
ch = '!'; /* Begin at 1st printable */
while( ch < 256 ){ /* For each printable character */
buffer[0] = ch; /* Put character into a string */
outtext( buffer ); /* send string to screen */
if( (lwidth+getx()) > wwidth ) /* Are we still in window? */
moveto( 2, gety()+textheight("H")+3 );
++ch; /* Goto the next character */
}
}
Pause(); /* Pause until user acks */
} /* End of FONT loop */
}
/* */
/* BAR3DDEMO: Display a 3-D bar chart on the screen. */
/* */
void Bar3DDemo(void)
{
static int barheight[] = {
1, 3, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 5, 4, 2, 3 };
struct viewporttype vp;
int xstep, ystep;
int i, j, h, color, bheight;
char buffer[10];
MainWindow( "Bar 3-D / Rectangle Demonstration" );
h = 3 * textheight( "H" );
getviewsettings( &vp );
settextjustify( CENTER_TEXT, TOP_TEXT );
changetextstyle( TRIPLEX_FONT, HORIZ_DIR, 4 );
outtextxy( MaxX/2, 6, "These are 3-D Bars" );
changetextstyle( DEFAULT_FONT, HORIZ_DIR, 1 );
setviewport( vp.left+50, vp.top+40, vp.right-50, vp.bottom-10, 1 );
getviewsettings( &vp );
line( h, h, h, vp.bottom-vp.top-h );
line( h, (vp.bottom-vp.top)-h, (vp.right-vp.left)-h, (vp.bottom-vp.top)-h );
xstep = ((vp.right-vp.left) - (2*h)) / 10;
ystep = ((vp.bottom-vp.top) - (2*h)) / 5;
j = (vp.bottom-vp.top) - h;
settextjustify( CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT );
for( i=0 ; i<6 ; ++i ){
line( h/2, j, h, j );
itoa( i, buffer, 10 );
outtextxy( 0, j, buffer );
j -= ystep;
}
j = h;
settextjustify( CENTER_TEXT, TOP_TEXT );
for( i=0 ; i<11 ; ++i ){
color = random( MaxColors );
setfillstyle( i+1, color );
line( j, (vp.bottom-vp.top)-h, j, (vp.bottom-vp.top-3)-(h/2) );
itoa( i, buffer, 10 );
outtextxy( j, (vp.bottom-vp.top)-(h/2), buffer );
if( i != 10 ){
bheight = (vp.bottom-vp.top) - h - 1;
bar3d( j, (vp.bottom-vp.top-h)-(barheight[i]*ystep), j+xstep, bheight, 15, 1 );
}
j += xstep;
}
Pause(); /* Pause for user's response */
}
/* */
/* RANDOMBARS: Display random bars */
/* */
void RandomBars(void)
{
int color;
MainWindow( "Random Bars" );
StatusLine( "Esc aborts or press a key..." ); /* Put msg at bottom of screen */
while( !kbhit() ){ /* Until user enters a key... */
color = random( MaxColors-1 )+1;
setcolor( color );
setfillstyle( random(11)+1, color );
bar3d( random( getmaxx() ), random( getmaxy() ),
random( getmaxx() ), random( getmaxy() ), 0, OFF);
}
Pause(); /* Pause for user's response */
}
/* */
/* TEXTDEMO: Show each font in several sizes to the user. */
/* */
void TextDemo(void)
{
int charsize[] = {
1, 3, 7, 3, 4, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 };
int font, size;
int h, x, y, i;
struct viewporttype vp;
char buffer[80];
for( font=0 ; font
sprintf( buffer, "%s Demonstration", Fonts[font] );
MainWindow( buffer );
getviewsettings( &vp );
changetextstyle( font, VERT_DIR, charsize[font] );
settextjustify( CENTER_TEXT, BOTTOM_TEXT );
outtextxy( 2*textwidth("M"), vp.bottom - 2*textheight("M"), "Vertical" );
changetextstyle( font, HORIZ_DIR, charsize[font] );
settextjustify( LEFT_TEXT, TOP_TEXT );
outtextxy( 2*textwidth("M"), 2, "Horizontal" );
settextjustify( CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT );
x = (vp.right - vp.left) / 2;
y = textheight( "H" );
for( i=1 ; i<5 ; ++i ){ /* For each of the sizes */
size = (font == SMALL_FONT) ? i+3 : i;
changetextstyle( font, HORIZ_DIR, size );
h = textheight( "H" );
y += h;
sprintf( buffer, "Size %d", size );
outtextxy( x, y, buffer );
}
if( font != DEFAULT_FONT ){ /* Show user declared font size */
y += h / 2; /* Move down the screen */
settextjustify( CENTER_TEXT, TOP_TEXT );
setusercharsize( 5, 6, 3, 2 );
changetextstyle( font, HORIZ_DIR, USER_CHAR_SIZE );
outtextxy( (vp.right-vp.left)/2, y, "User Defined Size" );
}
Pause(); /* Pause to let user look */
} /* End of FONT loop */
}
/* */
/* COLORDEMO: Display the current color palette on the screen. */
/* */
void ColorDemo(void)
{
struct viewporttype vp;
int color, height, width;
int x, y, i, j;
char cnum[5];
MainWindow( "Color Demonstration" ); /* Show demonstration name */
color = 1;
getviewsettings( &vp ); /* Get the current window size */
width = 2 * ( (vp.right+1) / 16 ); /* Get box dimensions */
height = 2 * ( (vp.bottom-10) / 10 );
x = width / 2;
y = height / 2; /* Leave 1/2 box border */
for( j=0 ; j<3 ; ++j ){ /* Row loop */
for( i=0 ; i<5 ; ++i ){ /* Column loop */
setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL, color); /* Set to solid fill in color */
setcolor( color ); /* Set the same border color */
bar( x, y, x+width, y+height ); /* Draw the rectangle */
rectangle( x, y, x+width, y+height ); /* outline the rectangle */
if( color == BLACK ){ /* If box was black... */
setcolor( WHITE ); /* Set drawing color to white */
rectangle( x, y, x+width, y+height ); /* Outline black in white*/
}
itoa( color, cnum, 10 ); /* Convert # to ASCII */
outtextxy( x+(width/2), y+height+4, cnum ); /* Show color # */
color = ++color % MaxColors; /* Advance to the next color */
x += (width / 2) * 3; /* move the column base */
} /* End of Column loop */
y += (height / 2) * 3; /* move the row base */
x = width / 2; /* reset column base */
} /* End of Row loop */
Pause(); /* Pause for user's response */
}
/* */
/* ARCDEMO: Display a random pattern of arcs on the screen */
/* until the user says enough. */
/* */
void ArcDemo(void)
{
int mradius; /* Maximum radius allowed */
int eangle; /* Random end angle of Arc */
struct arccoordstype ai; /* Used to read Arc Cord info */
MainWindow( "Arc Demonstration" );
StatusLine( "ESC Aborts - Press a Key to stop" );
mradius = MaxY / 10; /* Determine the maximum radius */
while( !kbhit() ){ /* Repeat until a key is hit */
setcolor( random( MaxColors - 1 ) + 1 ); /* Randomly select a color */
eangle = random( 358 ) + 1; /* Select an end angle */
arc( random(MaxX), random(MaxY), random(eangle), eangle, mradius );
getarccoords( &ai ); /* Read Cord data */
line( ai.x, ai.y, ai.xstart, ai.ystart ); /* line from start to center */
line( ai.x, ai.y, ai.xend, ai.yend ); /* line from end to center */
} /* End of WHILE not KBHIT */
Pause(); /* Wait for user's response */
}
/* */
/* CIRCLEDEMO: Display a random pattern of circles on the screen */
/* until the user says enough. */
/* */
void CircleDemo(void)
{
int mradius; /* Maximum radius allowed */
MainWindow( "Circle Demonstration" );
StatusLine( "ESC Aborts - Press a Key to stop" );
mradius = MaxY / 10; /* Determine the maximum radius */
while( !kbhit() ){ /* Repeat until a key is hit */
setcolor( random( MaxColors - 1 ) + 1 ); /* Randomly select a color */
circle( random(MaxX), random(MaxY), random(mradius) );
} /* End of WHILE not KBHIT */
Pause(); /* Wait for user's response */
}
/* */
/* PIEDEMO: Display a pie chart on the screen. */
/* */
#define adjasp( y ) ((int)(AspectRatio * (double)(y)))
#define torad( d ) (( (double)(d) * PI ) / 180.0 )
void PieDemo(void)
{
struct viewporttype vp;
int xcenter, ycenter, radius, lradius;
int x, y;
double radians, piesize;
MainWindow( "Pie Chart Demonstration" );
getviewsettings( &vp ); /* Get the current viewport */
xcenter = (vp.right - vp.left) / 2; /* Center the Pie horizontally */
ycenter = (vp.bottom - vp.top) / 2+20;/* Center the Pie vertically */
radius = (vp.bottom - vp.top) / 3; /* It will cover 2/3rds screen */
piesize = (vp.bottom - vp.top) / 4.0; /* Optimum height ratio of pie */
while( (AspectRatio*radius) < piesize ) ++radius;
lradius = radius + ( radius / 5 ); /* Labels placed 20% farther */
changetextstyle( TRIPLEX_FONT, HORIZ_DIR, 4 );
settextjustify( CENTER_TEXT, TOP_TEXT );
outtextxy( MaxX/2, 6, "This is a Pie Chart" );
changetextstyle( TRIPLEX_FONT, HORIZ_DIR, 1 );
settextjustify( CENTER_TEXT, TOP_TEXT );
setfillstyle( SOLID_FILL, RED );
pieslice( xcenter+10, ycenter-adjasp(10), 0, 90, radius );
radians = torad( 45 );
x = xcenter + (int)( cos( radians ) * (double)lradius );
y = ycenter - (int)( sin( radians ) * (double)lradius * AspectRatio );
settextjustify( LEFT_TEXT, BOTTOM_TEXT );
outtextxy( x, y, "25 %" );
setfillstyle( WIDE_DOT_FILL, GREEN );
pieslice( xcenter, ycenter, 90, 135, radius );
radians = torad( 113 );
x = xcenter + (int)( cos( radians ) * (double)lradius );
y = ycenter - (int)( sin( radians ) * (double)lradius * AspectRatio );
settextjustify( RIGHT_TEXT, BOTTOM_TEXT );
outtextxy( x, y, "12.5 %" );
setfillstyle( INTERLEAVE_FILL, YELLOW );
settextjustify( RIGHT_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT );
pieslice( xcenter-10, ycenter, 135, 225, radius );
radians = torad( 180 );
x = xcenter + (int)( cos( radians ) * (double)lradius );
y = ycenter - (int)( sin( radians ) * (double)lradius * AspectRatio );
settextjustify( RIGHT_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT );
outtextxy( x, y, "25 %" );
setfillstyle( HATCH_FILL, BLUE );
pieslice( xcenter, ycenter, 225, 360, radius );
radians = torad( 293 );
x = xcenter + (int)( cos( radians ) * (double)lradius );
y = ycenter - (int)( sin( radians ) * (double)lradius * AspectRatio );
settextjustify( LEFT_TEXT, TOP_TEXT );
outtextxy( x, y, "37.5 %" );
Pause(); /* Pause for user's response */
}
/* */
/* BARDEMO: Draw a 2-D bar chart using Bar and Rectangle. */
/* */
void BarDemo(void)
{
int barheight[] = {
1, 3, 5, 2, 4 };
int styles[] = {
1, 3, 10, 5, 9, 1 };
int xstep, ystep;
int sheight, swidth;
int i, j, h;
struct viewporttype vp;
char buffer[40];
MainWindow( "Bar / Rectangle demonstration" );
h = 3 * textheight( "H" );
getviewsettings( &vp );
settextjustify( CENTER_TEXT, TOP_TEXT );
changetextstyle( TRIPLEX_FONT, HORIZ_DIR, 4 );
outtextxy( MaxX /2, 6, "These are 2-D Bars" );
changetextstyle( DEFAULT_FONT, HORIZ_DIR, 1 );
setviewport( vp.left+50, vp.top+30, vp.right-50, vp.bottom-10, 1 );
getviewsettings( &vp );
sheight = vp.bottom - vp.top;
swidth = vp.right - vp.left;
line( h, h, h, sheight-h );
line( h, sheight-h, sheight-h, sheight-h );
ystep = (sheight - (2*h) ) / 5;
xstep = (swidth - (2*h) ) / 5;
j = sheight - h;
settextjustify( CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT );
for( i=0 ; i<6 ; ++i ){
line( h/2, j, h, j );
itoa( i, buffer, 10 );
outtextxy( 0, j, buffer );
j -= ystep;
}
j = h;
settextjustify( CENTER_TEXT, TOP_TEXT );
for( i=0 ; i<6 ; ++i ){
setfillstyle( styles[i], random(MaxColors) );
line( j, sheight - h, j, sheight- 3 - (h/2) );
itoa( i, buffer, 10 );
outtextxy( j, sheight - (h/2), buffer );
if( i != 5 ){
bar( j, (sheight-h)-(barheight[i] * ystep), j+xstep, sheight-h-1 );
rectangle( j, (sheight-h)-(barheight[i] * ystep), j+xstep, sheight-h);
}
j += xstep;
}
Pause();
}
/* */
/* LINERELDEMO: Display pattern using moverel and linerel cmds. */
/* */
void LineRelDemo(void)
{
struct viewporttype vp;
int h, w, dx, dy, cx, cy;
struct PTS outs[7];
MainWindow( "MoveRel / LineRel Demonstration" );
StatusLine( "Press any key to continue, ESC to Abort" );
getviewsettings( &vp );
cx = (vp.right - vp.left) / 2; /* Center of the screen coords */
cy = (vp.bottom - vp.top ) / 2;
h = (vp.bottom - vp.top ) / 8;
w = (vp.right - vp.left) / 9;
dx = 2 * w;
dy = 2 * h;
setcolor( BLACK );
setfillstyle( SOLID_FILL, BLUE );
bar( 0, 0, vp.right-vp.left, vp.bottom-vp.top ); /* Draw backgnd */
outs[0].x = cx - dx;
outs[0].y = cy - dy;
outs[1].x = cx - (dx-w);
outs[1].y = cy - (dy+h);
outs[2].x = cx + dx;
outs[2].y = cy - (dy+h);
outs[3].x = cx + dx;
outs[3].y = cy + dy;
outs[4].x = cx + (dx-w);
outs[4].y = cy + (dy+h);
outs[5].x = cx - dx;
outs[5].y = cy + (dy+h);
outs[6].x = cx - dx;
outs[6].y = cy - dy;
setfillstyle( SOLID_FILL, WHITE );
fillpoly( 7, (int far *)outs );
outs[0].x = cx - (w/2);
outs[0].y = cy + h;
outs[1].x = cx + (w/2);
outs[1].y = cy + h;
outs[2].x = cx + (w/2);
outs[2].y = cy - h;
outs[3].x = cx - (w/2);
outs[3].y = cy - h;
outs[4].x = cx - (w/2);
outs[4].y = cy + h;
setfillstyle( SOLID_FILL, BLUE );
fillpoly( 5, (int far *)outs );
/* Draw a Tesseract object on the screen using the LineRel and */
/* MoveRel drawing commands. */
moveto( cx-dx, cy-dy );
linerel( w, -h );
linerel( 3*w, 0 );
linerel( 0, 5*h );
linerel( -w, h );
linerel( -3*w, 0 );
linerel( 0, -5*h );
moverel( w, -h );
linerel( 0, 5*h );
linerel( w+(w/2), 0 );
linerel( 0, -3*h );
linerel( w/2, -h );
linerel( 0, 5*h );
moverel( 0, -5*h );
linerel( -(w+(w/2)), 0 );
linerel( 0, 3*h );
linerel( -w/2, h );
moverel( w/2, -h );
linerel( w, 0 );
moverel( 0, -2*h );
linerel( -w, 0 );
Pause(); /* Wait for user's response */
}
/* */
/* PUTPIXELDEMO: Display a pattern of random dots on the screen */
/* and pick them back up again. */
/* */
void PutPixelDemo(void)
{
int seed = 1958;
int i, x, y, h, w, color;
struct viewporttype vp;
MainWindow( "PutPixel / GetPixel Demonstration" );
getviewsettings( &vp );
h = vp.bottom - vp.top;
w = vp.right - vp.left;
srand( seed ); /* Restart random # function */
for( i=0 ; i<5000 ; ++i ){ /* Put 5000 pixels on screen */
x = 1 + random( w - 1 ); /* Generate a random location */
y = 1 + random( h - 1 );
color = random( MaxColors );
putpixel( x, y, color );
}
srand( seed ); /* Restart Random # at same # */
for( i=0 ; i<5000 ; ++i ){ /* Take the 5000 pixels off */
x = 1 + random( w - 1 ); /* Generate a random location */
y = 1 + random( h - 1 );
color = getpixel( x, y ); /* Read the color pixel */
if( color == random( MaxColors ) ) /* Used to keep RANDOM in sync */
putpixel( x, y, 0 ); /* Write pixel to BLACK */
}
Pause(); /* Wait for user's response */
}
/* */
/* PUTIMAGEDEMO */
/* */
void PutImageDemo(void)
{
static int r = 20;
static int StartX = 100;
static int StartY = 50;
struct viewporttype vp;
int PauseTime, x, y, ulx, uly, lrx, lry, size, i, width, height, step;
void *Saucer;
MainWindow("GetImage / PutImage Demonstration");
getviewsettings( &vp );
/* Draw Saucer */
setfillstyle( SOLID_FILL, getmaxcolor() );
fillellipse(StartX, StartY, r, (r/3)+2);
ellipse(StartX, StartY-4, 190, 357, r, r/3);
line(StartX+7, StartY-6, StartX+10, StartY-12);
circle(StartX+10, StartY-12, 2);
line(StartX-7, StartY-6, StartX-10, StartY-12);
circle(StartX-10, StartY-12, 2);
/* Read saucer image */
ulx = StartX-(r+1);
uly = StartY-14;
lrx = StartX+(r+1);
lry = StartY+(r/3)+3;
width = lrx - ulx + 1;
height = lry - uly + 1;
size = imagesize(ulx, uly, lrx, lry);
Saucer = malloc( size );
getimage(ulx, uly, lrx, lry, Saucer);
putimage(ulx, uly, Saucer, XOR_PUT);
/* Plot some "stars" */
for ( i=0 ; i<1000; ++i )
putpixel(random(MaxX), random(MaxY), random( MaxColors-1 )+1);
x = MaxX / 2;
y = MaxY / 2;
PauseTime = 70;
/* until a key is hit */
while ( !kbhit() ) {
/* Draw the Saucer */
putimage(x, y, Saucer, XOR_PUT); /* draw image */
delay(PauseTime);
putimage(x, y, Saucer, XOR_PUT); /* erase image */
/* Move Saucer */
step = random( 2*r );
if ((step/2) % 2 != 0 )
step = -1 * step;
x = x + step;
step = random( r );
if ((step/2) % 2 != 0 )
step = -1 * step;
y = y + step;
if (vp.left + x + width - 1 > vp.right)
x = vp.right-vp.left-width + 1;
else
if (x < 0)
x = 0;
if (vp.top + y + height - 1 > vp.bottom)
y = vp.bottom-vp.top-height + 1;
else
if (y < 0)
y = 0;
}
free( Saucer );
Pause();
}
/* */
/* LINETODEMO: Display a pattern using moveto and lineto commands. */
/* */
#define MAXPTS 15
void LineToDemo(void)
{
struct viewporttype vp;
struct PTS points[MAXPTS];
int i, j, h, w, xcenter, ycenter;
int radius, angle, step;
double rads;
MainWindow( "MoveTo / LineTo Demonstration" );
getviewsettings( &vp );
h = vp.bottom - vp.top;
w = vp.right - vp.left;
xcenter = w / 2; /* Determine the center of circle */
ycenter = h / 2;
radius = (h - 30) / (AspectRatio * 2);
step = 360 / MAXPTS; /* Determine # of increments */
angle = 0; /* Begin at zero degrees */
for( i=0 ; i
points[i].x = xcenter + (int)( cos(rads) * radius );
points[i].y = ycenter - (int)( sin(rads) * radius * AspectRatio );
angle += step; /* Move to next increment */
}
circle( xcenter, ycenter, radius ); /* Draw bounding circle */
for( i=0 ; i
lineto(points[j].x, points[j].y); /* Draw the cord */
}
}
Pause(); /* Wait for user's response */
}
/* */
/* LINESTYLEDEMO: Display a pattern using all of the standard */
/* line styles that are available. */
/* */
void LineStyleDemo(void)
{
int style, step;
int x, y, w;
struct viewporttype vp;
char buffer[40];
MainWindow( "Pre-defined line styles" );
getviewsettings( &vp );
w = vp.right - vp.left;
x = 35;
y = 10;
step = w / 11;
settextjustify( LEFT_TEXT, TOP_TEXT );
outtextxy( x, y, "Normal Width" );
settextjustify( CENTER_TEXT, TOP_TEXT );
for( style=0 ; style<4 ; ++style ){
setlinestyle( style, 0, NORM_WIDTH );
line( x, y+20, x, vp.bottom-40 );
itoa( style, buffer, 10 );
outtextxy( x, vp.bottom-30, buffer );
x += step;
}
x += 2 * step;
settextjustify( LEFT_TEXT, TOP_TEXT );
outtextxy( x, y, "Thick Width" );
settextjustify( CENTER_TEXT, TOP_TEXT );
for( style=0 ; style<4 ; ++style ){
setlinestyle( style, 0, THICK_WIDTH );
line( x, y+20, x, vp.bottom-40 );
itoa( style, buffer, 10 );
outtextxy( x, vp.bottom-30, buffer );
x += step;
}
settextjustify( LEFT_TEXT, TOP_TEXT );
Pause(); /* Wait for user's response */
}
/* */
/* CRTMODEDEMO: Demonstrate the effects of the change mode */
/* commands on the current screen. */
/* */
void CRTModeDemo(void)
{
struct viewporttype vp;
int mode;
MainWindow( "SetGraphMode / RestoreCRTMode demo" );
getviewsettings( &vp );
mode = getgraphmode();
settextjustify( CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT );
outtextxy( (vp.right-vp.left)/2, (vp.bottom-vp.top)/2,
"Now you are in graphics mode..." );
StatusLine( "Press any key for text mode..." );
getch();
restorecrtmode();
printf( "Now you are in text mode.\n\n" );
printf( "Press any key to go back to graphics..." );
getch();
setgraphmode( mode );
MainWindow( "SetGraphMode / RestoreCRTMode demo" );
settextjustify( CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT );
outtextxy( (vp.right-vp.left)/2, (vp.bottom-vp.top)/2,
"Back in Graphics Mode..." );
Pause(); /* Wait for user's response */
}
/* */
/* USERLINESTYLEDEMO: Display line styles showing the user */
/* defined line style functions. */
/* */
void UserLineStyleDemo(void)
{
int x, y, i, h, flag;
unsigned int style;
struct viewporttype vp;
MainWindow( "User defined line styles" );
getviewsettings( &vp );
h = vp.bottom - vp.top;
x = 4;
y = 10;
style = 0;
i = 0;
settextjustify( CENTER_TEXT, TOP_TEXT );
flag = TRUE; /* Set the bits in this pass */
while( x < vp.right-2 ){ /* Draw lines across the screen */
if( flag ) /* If flag, set bits... */
style = style | (1 << i); /* Set the Ith bit in word */
else /* If no flag, clear bits */
style = style & !(0x8000 >> i); /* Clear the Ith bit in word */
setlinestyle( USERBIT_LINE, style, NORM_WIDTH );
line( x, y, x, h-y ); /* Draw the new line pattern */
x += 5; /* Move the X location of line */
i = ++i % 16; /* Advance to next bit pattern */
if( style == 0xffff ){ /* Are all bits set? */
flag = FALSE; /* begin removing bits */
i = 0; /* Start with whole pattern */
}
else{ /* Bits not all set... */
if( style == 0 ) /* Are all bits clear? */
flag = TRUE; /* begin setting bits */
}
}
settextjustify( LEFT_TEXT, TOP_TEXT );
Pause(); /* Wait for user's response */
}
/* */
/* FILLSTYLEDEMO: Display the standard fill patterns available. */
/* */
void FillStyleDemo(void)
{
int h, w, style;
int i, j, x, y;
struct viewporttype vp;
char buffer[40];
MainWindow( "Pre-defined Fill Styles" );
getviewsettings( &vp );
w = 2 * ((vp.right + 1) / 13);
h = 2 * ((vp.bottom - 10) / 10);
x = w / 2;
y = h / 2; /* Leave 1/2 blk margin */
style = 0;
for( j=0 ; j<3 ; ++j ){ /* Three rows of boxes */
for( i=0 ; i<4 ; ++i ){ /* Four column of boxes */
setfillstyle(style, MaxColors-1); /* Set the fill style and WHITE */
bar( x, y, x+w, y+h ); /* Draw the actual box */
rectangle( x, y, x+w, y+h ); /* Outline the box */
itoa( style, buffer, 10 ); /* Convert style 3 to ASCII */
outtextxy( x+(w / 2), y+h+4, buffer );
++style; /* Go on to next style # */
x += (w / 2) * 3; /* Go to next column */
} /* End of coulmn loop */
x = w / 2; /* Put base back to 1st column */
y += (h / 2) * 3; /* Advance to next row */
} /* End of Row loop */
settextjustify( LEFT_TEXT, TOP_TEXT );
Pause(); /* Wait for user's response */
}
/* */
/* FILLPATTERNDEMO: Demonstrate how to use the user definable */
/* fill patterns. */
/* */
void FillPatternDemo(void)
{
int style;
int h, w;
int x, y, i, j;
char buffer[40];
struct viewporttype vp;
static char patterns[][8] = {
{ 0xAA, 0x55, 0xAA, 0x55, 0xAA, 0x55, 0xAA, 0x55 },
{ 0x33, 0x33, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0x33, 0x33, 0xCC, 0xCC },
{ 0xF0, 0xF0, 0xF0, 0xF0, 0x0F, 0x0F, 0x0F, 0x0F },
{ 0x00, 0x10, 0x28, 0x44, 0x28, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00 },
{ 0x00, 0x70, 0x20, 0x27, 0x24, 0x24, 0x07, 0x00 },
{ 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00 },
{ 0x00, 0x00, 0x3C, 0x3C, 0x3C, 0x3C, 0x00, 0x00 },
{ 0x00, 0x7E, 0x7E, 0x7E, 0x7E, 0x7E, 0x7E, 0x00 },
{ 0x00, 0x00, 0x22, 0x08, 0x00, 0x22, 0x1C, 0x00 },
{ 0xFF, 0x7E, 0x3C, 0x18, 0x18, 0x3C, 0x7E, 0xFF },
{ 0x00, 0x10, 0x10, 0x7C, 0x10, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00 },
{ 0x00, 0x42, 0x24, 0x18, 0x18, 0x24, 0x42, 0x00 }
};
MainWindow( "User Defined Fill Styles" );
getviewsettings( &vp );
w = 2 * ((vp.right + 1) / 13);
h = 2 * ((vp.bottom - 10) / 10);
x = w / 2;
y = h / 2; /* Leave 1/2 blk margin */
style = 0;
for( j=0 ; j<3 ; ++j ){ /* Three rows of boxes */
for( i=0 ; i<4 ; ++i ){ /* Four column of boxes */
setfillpattern( &patterns[style][0], MaxColors-1 );
bar( x, y, x+w, y+h ); /* Draw the actual box */
rectangle( x, y, x+w, y+h ); /* Outline the box */
itoa( style, buffer, 10 ); /* Convert style 3 to ASCII */
outtextxy( x+(w / 2), y+h+4, buffer );
++style; /* Go on to next style # */
x += (w / 2) * 3; /* Go to next column */
} /* End of coulmn loop */
x = w / 2; /* Put base back to 1st column */
y += (h / 2) * 3; /* Advance to next row */
} /* End of Row loop */
settextjustify( LEFT_TEXT, TOP_TEXT );
Pause(); /* Wait for user's response */
}
/* */
/* POLYDEMO: Display a random pattern of polygons on the screen */
/* until the user says enough. */
/* */
void PaletteDemo(void)
{
int i, j, x, y, color;
struct viewporttype vp;
int height, width;
MainWindow( "Palette Demonstration" );
StatusLine( "Press any key to continue, ESC to Abort" );
getviewsettings( &vp );
width = (vp.right - vp.left) / 15; /* get width of the box */
height = (vp.bottom - vp.top) / 10; /* Get the height of the box */
x = y = 0; /* Start in upper corner */
color = 1; /* Begin at 1st color */
for( j=0 ; j<10 ; ++j ){ /* For 10 rows of boxes */
for( i=0 ; i<15 ; ++i ){ /* For 15 columns of boxes */
setfillstyle( SOLID_FILL, color++ ); /* Set the color of box */
bar( x, y, x+width, y+height ); /* Draw the box */
x += width + 1; /* Advance to next col */
color = 1 + (color % (MaxColors - 2)); /* Set new color */
} /* End of COLUMN loop */
x = 0; /* Goto 1st column */
y += height + 1; /* Goto next row */
} /* End of ROW loop */
while( !kbhit() ){ /* Until user enters a key... */
setpalette( 1+random(MaxColors - 2), random( 65 ) );
}
setallpalette( &palette );
Pause(); /* Wait for user's response */
}
/* */
/* POLYDEMO: Display a random pattern of polygons on the screen */
/* until the user says enough. */
/* */
#define MaxPts 6 /* Maximum # of pts in polygon */
void PolyDemo(void)
{
struct PTS poly[ MaxPts ]; /* Space to hold datapoints */
int color; /* Current drawing color */
int i;
MainWindow( "DrawPoly / FillPoly Demonstration" );
StatusLine( "ESC Aborts - Press a Key to stop" );
while( !kbhit() ){ /* Repeat until a key is hit */
color = 1 + random( MaxColors-1 ); /* Get a random color # (no blk)*/
setfillstyle( random(10), color ); /* Set a random line style */
setcolor( color ); /* Set the desired color */
for( i=0 ; i<(MaxPts-1) ; i++ ){ /* Determine a random polygon */
poly[i].x = random( MaxX ); /* Set the x coord of point */
poly[i].y = random( MaxY ); /* Set the y coord of point */
}
poly[i].x = poly[0].x; /* last point = first point */
poly[i].y = poly[1].y;
fillpoly( MaxPts, (int far *)poly ); /* Draw the actual polygon */
} /* End of WHILE not KBHIT */
Pause(); /* Wait for user's response */
}
/* */
/* SAYGOODBYE: Give a closing screen to the user before leaving. */
/* */
void SayGoodbye(void)
{
struct viewporttype viewinfo; /* Structure to read viewport */
int h, w;
MainWindow( "== Finale ==" );
getviewsettings( &viewinfo ); /* Read viewport settings */
changetextstyle( TRIPLEX_FONT, HORIZ_DIR, 4 );
settextjustify( CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT );
h = viewinfo.bottom - viewinfo.top;
w = viewinfo.right - viewinfo.left;
outtextxy( w/2, h/2, "That's all, folks!" );
StatusLine( "Press any key to EXIT" );
getch();
cleardevice(); /* Clear the graphics screen */
}
/* */
/* PAUSE: Pause until the user enters a keystroke. If the */
/* key is an ESC, then exit program, else simply return. */
/* */
void Pause(void)
{
static char msg[] = "Esc aborts or press a key...";
int c;
StatusLine( msg ); /* Put msg at bottom of screen */
c = getch(); /* Read a character from kbd */
if( ESC == c ){ /* Does user wish to leave? */
closegraph(); /* Change to text mode */
exit( 1 ); /* Return to OS */
}
if( 0 == c ){ /* Did use hit a non-ASCII key? */
c = getch(); /* Read scan code for keyboard */
}
cleardevice(); /* Clear the screen */
}
/* */
/* MAINWINDOW: Establish the main window for the demo and set */
/* a viewport for the demo code. */
/* */
void MainWindow( char *header )
{
int height;
cleardevice(); /* Clear graphics screen */
setcolor( MaxColors - 1 ); /* Set current color to white */
setviewport( 0, 0, MaxX, MaxY, 1 ); /* Open port to full screen */
height = textheight( "H" ); /* Get basic text height */
changetextstyle( DEFAULT_FONT, HORIZ_DIR, 1 );
settextjustify( CENTER_TEXT, TOP_TEXT );
outtextxy( MaxX/2, 2, header );
setviewport( 0, height+4, MaxX, MaxY-(height+4), 1 );
DrawBorder();
setviewport( 1, height+5, MaxX-1, MaxY-(height+5), 1 );
}
/* */
/* STATUSLINE: Display a status line at the bottom of the screen. */
/* */
void StatusLine( char *msg )
{
int height;
setviewport( 0, 0, MaxX, MaxY, 1 ); /* Open port to full screen */
setcolor( MaxColors - 1 ); /* Set current color to white */
changetextstyle( DEFAULT_FONT, HORIZ_DIR, 1 );
settextjustify( CENTER_TEXT, TOP_TEXT );
setlinestyle( SOLID_LINE, 0, NORM_WIDTH );
setfillstyle( EMPTY_FILL, 0 );
height = textheight( "H" ); /* Detemine current height */
bar( 0, MaxY-(height+4), MaxX, MaxY );
rectangle( 0, MaxY-(height+4), MaxX, MaxY );
outtextxy( MaxX/2, MaxY-(height+2), msg );
setviewport( 1, height+5, MaxX-1, MaxY-(height+5), 1 );
}
/* */
/* DRAWBORDER: Draw a solid single line around the current */
/* viewport. */
/* */
void DrawBorder(void)
{
struct viewporttype vp;
setcolor( MaxColors - 1 ); /* Set current color to white */
setlinestyle( SOLID_LINE, 0, NORM_WIDTH );
getviewsettings( &vp );
rectangle( 0, 0, vp.right-vp.left, vp.bottom-vp.top );
}
/* */
/* CHANGETEXTSTYLE: similar to settextstyle, but checks for */
/* errors that might occur whil loading the font file. */
/* */
void changetextstyle(int font, int direction, int charsize)
{
int ErrorCode;
graphresult(); /* clear error code */
settextstyle(font, direction, charsize);
ErrorCode = graphresult(); /* check result */
if( ErrorCode != grOk ){ /* if error occured */
closegraph();
printf(" Graphics System Error: %s\n", grapherrormsg( ErrorCode ) );
exit( 1 );
}
}
/* */
/* GPRINTF: Used like PRINTF except the output is sent to the */
/* screen in graphics mode at the specified co-ordinate. */
/* */
int gprintf( int *xloc, int *yloc, char *fmt, ... )
{
va_list argptr; /* Argument list pointer */
char str[140]; /* Buffer to build sting into */
int cnt; /* Result of SPRINTF for return */
va_start( argptr, fmt ); /* Initialize va_ functions */
cnt = vsprintf( str, fmt, argptr ); /* prints string to buffer */
outtextxy( *xloc, *yloc, str ); /* Send string in graphics mode */
*yloc += textheight( "H" ) + 2; /* Advance to next line */
va_end( argptr ); /* Close va_ functions */
return( cnt ); /* Return the conversion count */
}
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